[Drug allergy: Fundamental aspects in diagnosis and treatment.].

Background: Any substance used as a treatment for any disease can produce harmful or unpleasant events called adverse drug reactions (ADRs). They are due to inherent biological effects of the drug and are caused by immunological and non-immunological mechanisms.

Objectives: To describe the immunological mechanisms of hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) to drugs, their epidemiology, risk factors, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

Coronavirus disease 2019, allergic diseases, and allergen immunotherapy: Possible favorable mechanisms of interaction.

Both, allergen immunotherapy (AIT) and SARS-COV-2 infection cause a set of immunologic changes that respectively vary during the course of the treatment or the disease. To review immune changes brought along by each of these entities and how they might interrelate. We start presenting a brief review of the structure of the new coronavirus and how it alters the functioning of the human immune system.

Cutaneous Manifestations Related to COVID-19 Immune Dysregulation in the Pediatric Age Group.

Purpose Of Review: At the juncture of the COVID-19 pandemic, the world is currently in an early phase of collecting clinical data and reports of its skin manifestations, and its pathophysiology is still highly conjectural. We reviewed cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 in the pediatric age group.

Recent Findings: Children infected by SARS-CoV-2 usually develop milder respiratory symptoms, but cutaneous manifestations seem a little more prevalent than in adults.

Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: Trying to untangle facts from fictions.

Introduction: In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, during which the world is confronted with a new, highly contagious virus that suppresses innate immunity as one of its initial virulence mechanisms, thus escaping from first-line human defense mechanisms, enhancing innate immunity seems a good preventive strategy.

Methods: Without the intention to write an official systematic review, but more to give an overview of possible strategies, in this review article we discuss several interventions that might stimulate innate immunity and thus our defense against (viral) respiratory tract infections. Some of these interventions can also stimulate the adaptive T- and B-cell responses, but our main focus is on the innate part of immunity.

Compromising between European and US allergen immunotherapy schools: Discussions from GUIMIT, the Mexican immunotherapy guidelines.

Background: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has a longstanding history and still remains the only disease-changing treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma. Over the years 2 different schools have developed their strategies: the United States (US) and the European. Allergen extracts available in these regions are adapted to local practice.

Chronic urticaria and thyroid pathology.

Urticaria is defined as the sudden appearance of erythematous, itchy wheals of variable size, with or without angioedema (AE) (swelling of the deeper layers of the skin). Its classification depends on time course of symptoms and the presence of eliciting factors. When it lasts less than 6 weeks it is classified as acute urticaria (AU), and if the symptoms persist for more than 6 weeks, it is classified as chronic urticaria (CU).

[Clinical Practice Guide for Anaphylaxis in Latin America (Galaxia-Latam)].

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction with a rapid onset and it is potentially life-threatening. Its clinical manifestations are varied; they may affect the skin, the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system, and the digestive system, among others. The treatment of choice, which is an intra-muscular injection of epinephrine (adrenaline), must be applied promptly.

[GUIMIT 2019, Mexican Guideline on Immunotherapy. Guideline on the diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergic disease and immunotherapy following the ADAPTE approach].

Background: In Mexico, allergen immunotherapy (AIT) and immunotherapy with hymenoptera venom (VIT) is traditionally practiced combining aspects of the European and American school. In addition, both types of extracts (European and American) are commercially available in Mexico. Moreover, for an adequate AIT/VIT a timely diagnosis is crucial.

[Adverse immune reactions and non-immune medications for perioperative use].

Reactions to medications can occur through a mechanism mediated by immunoglobulin or otherwise, not both. Drug allergy is a type of adverse reaction to the drug and comprises a range of hypersensitivity reactions mediated by different immunological mechanisms with diverse clinical manifestations. A rate of 3.

[Evaluation of vitamin D serum levels in asthmatic adults and their relationship with asthma control].

Background: Decreased levels of vitamin D influence on the control and severity of asthma.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between vitamin D serum levels and asthma control, as well as nutritional status, quality of life and patient comorbidities.

Methods: Cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study of 43 asthmatic patients older than 18 years of age.

[Quality of life in chronic urticaria and its relationship with economic impact and disease control in patients attended to at the University Hospital of Monterrey, Mexico].

Background: Chronic urticaria (CU) manifests itself with hives and sometimes angioedema. Physical and social discomfort worsens patient quality of life. CU has an important impact on patients' economy.

[Evaluation of functional capacity by 6-minute walk test in children with asthma].

Background: Asthma patients show lower exercise tolerance.

Objective: Assessment of functional capacity in children with asthma.

Methods: Girls and boys from 6 to 17 years old were included in two groups: asthmatic patients and healthy subjects.

[Management of anaphylaxis in Latin America: current situation].

Background: Anaphylaxis is a systemic and severe allergic reaction, which can be fatal. The first-line treatment of choice, according to international guidelines, is intramuscular adrenaline. However, different studies show that the performance of health professionals managing anaphylaxis is often inadequate.

Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology: clinical implications.

Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology, which was first described in 1936, is the study of the interactions between the psyche, neural and endocrine functions and immune responses. The aim of psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology is to apply medical knowledge to the treatment of different allergic, immune, autoimmune, rheumatic, neoplastic, endocrine, cardiovascular and dental pathologies, among other disorders. Epigenetic factors and major stresses from different types of stimuli acting through distinct pathways and neurotransmitters are highly involved in altering the psychoneuroimmunoendocrine axis, resulting in the emergence of disease.

[Cross-reactivity in allergic fungal sinusitis. Case report].

Background: The presence of allergic mucin in allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) is a manifestation that identifies it as a hypersensitivity process. AFS has a phenomenon of cross-reactivity to IgE-bound proteins having at least two shared epitopes.

Clinical Report: A 13-year-old male with nasal obstructive symptoms of three years of evolution.

[Prevalence of sensitization to fungi in patients with respiratory allergy].

Background: As part of the etiology of respiratory allergy we have genetics, prenatal factors and sensitivity to various airborne allergens, between these fungi are found. Relationship has been found between sensitization to fungal in skin tests and allergy pathogenesis and aggravation. There is a few literature in Mexico and in the north of the country it is lacking regarding this problem.

Drug-Induced Anaphylaxis in Latin American Countries.

Background: Information regarding the clinical features and management of drug-induced anaphylaxis (DIA) in Latin America is lacking.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess implicated medications, demographics, and treatments received for DIA in Latin American patients referred to national specialty centers for evaluation.

Method: A database previously used to compile information on drug-induced allergic reactions in 11 Latin American countries was used to identify and characterize patients presenting specifically with a clinical diagnosis of DIA.

[Profile of sensitization to allergens in children with atopic dermatitis assisting to Allergology Service of University Hospital, Nuevo Leon, Mexico].

Background: Sensitization to allergens in atopic dermatitis patients is a risk factor for developing asthma and allergic rhinitis in the future,as well as an aggravating factor in the course of the disease. Recent studies have attributed the activity of the proteases of some antigens to cause a grater defect in the epithelial barrier and a more severe disease.

Objective: To know the sensitization to allergens pattern in children with atopic dermatitis attended at Allergology Service of University Hospital of UANL, Mexico, and to know if these children have higher sensitization to antigens with proteolytic activity.

[Hypersensitivity to mosquito bite manifested as Skeeter síndrome].

The reactions to mosquito bites are immunological reactions with involvement of IgE, IgG and T cells mediated hypersensitivity. These reactions are common and range from small local reactions, large local reactions to systemic allergic reactions. Skeeter syndrome is defined as a large local induced inflammatory reaction to mosquito bite and sometimes accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever and vomiting.

[Mastocytosis].

Mastocytosis is one of the eight subcategories of the myeloproliferative neoplasms of the classification of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues' tumors of 2008 of World Health Organization; it is an heterogeneous group of myeloproliferative diseases characterized by the excessive proliferation of atypical mastocytes in morphological and immunophenotype terms, besides the cumulus of these cells in one or several organs or tissues, including skin, bone marrow, liver, spleen and lymph nodes.

[Adverse reaction to not iodinated contrast].

Adverse reactions to drugs are relatively frequent in clinical practice, and some of them can be life threatening. Reactions to contrast material (CM) represent an important percentage of these adverse reactions. It has been found that 70% of reactions to contrast material happen within the first five minutes of their administration.

[Effects of reforestation on tree pollen sensitization in inhabitants of Nuevo Leon, Mexico].

Background: Climate change has implications for health, ecology and society. Urban green areas are a key element in the planning of cities, promoting citizen interaction with the environment, as well as health. Lack of planning and design of these areas as well as the selection of ornamental trees can be a trigger of pollen allergy in the surrounding population.

Multinational experience with hypersensitivity drug reactions in Latin America.

Background: Epidemiologic drug allergy data from Latin America are scarce, and there are no studies on specific procedures focusing on this topic in Latin America.

Objective: To assess the clinical characteristics and management of hypersensitivity drug reactions in different Latin American countries.

Methods: An European Network of Drug Allergy questionnaire survey was implemented in 22 allergy units in 11 Latin American countries to report on consecutive patients who presented with a suspected hypersensitivity drug reaction.