Simulated operations (SOs) apply mechanical support to structures to confirm symptom causation.

Simulated operations (SOs) are a direct application of the Integral Theory (IT) mantras, "structure and function are related" and "restore the structure and you will improve the function". SOs performed in a clinic setting, are the most effective way possible to test the validity of the IT predictions: stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and urge are mainly caused by laxity in the vagina or its supporting ligaments. The SUI prediction of the IT is validated if a hemostat applied vaginally in the position of the midurethra to mechanically support the pubourethral ligament (PUL) immediately stops urine loss on coughing.

Tethered vagina syndrome: massive urine loss caused by bladder neck scarring cured by skin graft.

The bladder neck area of the vagina is known as the "zone of critical elasticity" (ZCE). Adequate vaginal elasticity at ZCE is required for the oppositely-acting muscles to independently close the distal urethra and bladder neck. Scarring at ZCE "tethers" the more powerful posterior muscles to the anterior muscles and the bladder neck is forcibly pulled open, resulting in massive urine loss.

Ex Vivo Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy (FCM) of Prostate Biopsies Rethought: Opportunities of Intraoperative Examinations of MRI-Guided Targeted Biopsies in Routine Diagnostics.

Background: The diagnosis of prostate carcinoma (PCa) requires time- and material-consuming histopathological examinations. Ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) can detect carcinoma foci in diagnostic biopsies intraoperatively.

Methods: MRI-guided and systematic biopsies were identified in a dataset of our previously published study cohort.

Diagnostic Performance of Ex Vivo Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy in the Assessment of Diagnostic Biopsies of the Prostate.

Background: Fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) is a novel micro-imaging technique providing optical sections of examined tissue. The method has been well established for the diagnosis of tumors in dermatological specimens.

Methods: We compare intraoperative diagnoses of the real-time application of FCM in pre-therapeutic prostate biopsies (35 patients, total number of biopsy specimens: n = 438) with the findings of conventional histology.

Feasibility study for fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) on diagnostic prostate biopsies.

Background: Fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) is a novel micro-imaging technique providing optical sections of examined tissue. The method has been well established for the diagnosis of tumours in dermatological specimens. Preliminary results found good feasibility when this technique was used to examine prostate cancer (PCa) specimens.

Consensus Statement of the European Urology Association and the European Urogynaecological Association on the Use of Implanted Materials for Treating Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Stress Urinary Incontinence.

Context: Surgical nonautologous meshes have been used for several decades to repair abdominal wall herniae. Implantable materials have been adopted for the treatment of female and male stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and female pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

Objective: A consensus review of existing data based on published meta-analyses and reviews.

Hypothesis - a congenitally lax pubourethral ligament may be a contributing cause of vesicoureteral reflux.

Introduction: The hypothesis derives from the field of female stress incontinence. Application of pressure on the anterior vaginal wall at midurethra with a hemostat restores the geometry of the vesicoureteral junction and continence.

Methods: We applied unilateral midurethral pressure during a radiological investigation of a 15-year-old female patient who had undergone 2 surgeries for ureteric reflux.