The Use of Retinal Imaging Including Fundoscopy, OCT, and OCTA for Cardiovascular Risk Stratification and the Detection of Subclinical Atherosclerosis.

Purpose Of Review: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally, and retinal imaging modalities (old and new) are being explored as noninvasive tools to predict latent atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on the emerging promise of fundoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in CVD prognostication.

Recent Findings: High-quality studies have established the utility of vessel-based parameters and discrete conditions diagnosable via fundoscopy in subclinical atherosclerosis detection or CVD prediction.

Vitreous Cytokine Profile in an Eye with a Vasoproliferative Tumor.

Purpose: We present a patient with a primary vasoproliferative tumor (VPT) accompanied by vitreous haze and an epiretinal membrane (ERM). We report for the first time the vitreous cytokine profile from an eye with a primary VPT to explore the relationship between intraocular inflammation and these tumors.

Methods: Retrospective chart review of a single patient case.

Retinal Findings and Cardiovascular Risk: Prognostic Conditions, Novel Biomarkers, and Emerging Image Analysis Techniques.

Many retinal diseases and imaging findings have pathophysiologic underpinnings in the function of the cardiovascular system. Myriad retinal conditions, new imaging biomarkers, and novel image analysis techniques have been investigated for their association with future cardiovascular risk or utility in cardiovascular risk prognostication. An intensive literature search was performed to identify relevant articles indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for a targeted narrative review.

Engagement and higher order skill proficiency of students completing a medical physiology course in three diverse learning environments.

The primary aim of this study was to determine whether levels of student engagement, higher order skill proficiency, and knowledge acquisition demonstrated by medical students would differ when completing the same course in three diverse learning environments. Following Institutional Review Board approval, 56 first-year medical students, registered at the same medical school but attending class at three different campus centers, were enrolled in the study. All participants were completing a medical physiology course that utilized the same learning objectives but relied on different faculty incorporating diverse methodologies (percentage of class devoted to active learning strategies), course format (6-wk block vs.