Psychogenic (nociplastic) pain: Current state of diagnosis, treatment options, and potentials of neurosurgical management.

Classification of pain syndromes is quite multifaceted. However, pathogenetic classification by which chronic pain syndromes are usually divided into nociceptive, neuropathic and psychogenic, is crucial in choosing treatment tactics. In modern classifications, psychogenic pain is distinguished from nociceptive pain (associated with direct tissue injury or damage) and neuropathic pain (in which lesion can only be determined morphologically).

A monoclinic semiorganic molecular crystal GUHP for terahertz photonics and optoelectronics.

In this paper we describe the properties of the crystal of guanylurea hydrogen phosphate (NH[Formula: see text])[Formula: see text]CNHCO(NH[Formula: see text])H[Formula: see text]PO[Formula: see text] (GUHP) and propose its application in terahertz photonics and optoelectronics. GUHP crystal has a wide window of transparency and a high optical threshold in the visible and NIR spectral regions and narrow absorption bands in the terahertz frequency range. The spectral characteristics of absorption and refraction in the THz range were found to be strongly dependent on crystal temperature and orientation.

Highly luminescent crystals of a novel linear π-conjugated thiophene-phenylene co-oligomer with a benzothiadiazole fragment.

The synthesis, growth from solutions and structure of crystals of a new linear thiophene-phenylene co-oligomer with a central benzothiadiazole fragment with a conjugated core, (TMS-2T-Ph)-BTD, are presented. Single-crystal samples in the form of needles with a length of up to 7 mm were grown and their crystal structure was determined at 85 K and 293 K using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The conformational differences between the crystal structures are insignificant.

Four-dimensional ultrasound guidance during epidural anaesthesia.

Background: Four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound scanning (3D real-time mode) can improve the orientation of the anatomy of the area of interest and navigation by controlling the needle position. The objectives of this study were to identify the optimal technique for navigation and to assess clinically the efficacy of 4D ultrasound navigation for epidural anaesthesia at lower thoracic and lumbar levels.

Design: Single-centre case series study was performed.