Quantification of cancer biomarkers in urine using volatilomic approach.

Urine analysis is an attractive approach for non-invasive cancer diagnostics. In this study, a procedure for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human urine (acetone, acetonitrile, dimethylsulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, hexane, benzene, toluene, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, pentanal) has been described including sample preparation using preconcentration of analytes in sorbent tubes followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fractional factorial design and constrained surfaces design were used to optimize preconcentration of VOCs in sorbent tubes.