The hybrid method based on ant colony optimization algorithm in multiple factor analysis of the environmental impact of solar cell technologies.

The increasing demand for solar energy drives the mass production of diverse photovoltaic (PV) systems and, consequently, the growth of used solar panels and their environmental footprint. This study applied a new hybrid optimization method based on particle swarm and ant colony optimization algorithms to solve the problems of PV module toxicity. The Weibull distribution function was used to measure the service life of PV modules under a variety of failure scenarios.