Tumor immunotherapies by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); the pros and cons.

The main breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy was the discovery of immune checkpoint (IC) proteins, which act as a potent suppressor of the immune system by a myriad of mechanisms. After that, scientists focused on the immune checkpoint molecules mainly. Thereby, much effort was spent to progress novel strategies for suppressing these inhibitory axes, resulting in the evolution of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).

Shining the light on clinical application of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in autoimmune diseases.

The autoimmune diseases are associated with the host immune system, chronic inflammation, and immune reaction against self-antigens, which leads to the injury and failure of several tissues. The onset of autoimmune diseases is related to unbalanced immune homeostasis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells which have capability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types that exert a critical role in immunomodulation and regenerative therapy.

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and their exosomes application in the treatment of intervertebral disc disease: A promising frontier.

Today, the application of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and their exosomes to treat degenerative diseases has received attention. Due to the characteristics of these cells, such as self-renewability, differentiative and immunomodulatory effects, their use in laboratory and clinical studies shows promising results. However, the allogeneic transplantation problems of MSCs limit the use of these cells in the clinic.

Immunotherapy of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) following COVID-19 through mesenchymal stem cells.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new type of coronavirus causing coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) that was first observed in Wuhan, China, in Dec. 2019. An inflammatory immune response targeting children appeared during the pandemic, which was associated with COVID-19 named multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C).

Psychodiagnostics as a Mandatory Element of Patient Protocols in Dentistry.

Objectives: This study aims at performing psychodiagnostics of the patients` condition with removable and fixed dentures both before and after dental treatment.

Materials And Methods: The first group included 200 patients with fixed-type dentures, and the second group consisted of 200 patients with removable dental devices. The control group included 200 patients with healthy teeth.

Targeting Wee1 kinase as a therapeutic approach in Hematological Malignancies.

Hematologic malignancies include various diseases that develop from hematopoietic stem cells of bone marrow or lymphatic organs. Currently, conventional DNA-damage-based chemotherapy drugs are approved as standard therapeutic regimens for these malignancies. Although many improvements have been made, patients with relapsed or refractory hematological malignancies have a poor prognosis.

A paradigm shift in cell-free approach: the emerging role of MSCs-derived exosomes in regenerative medicine.

Recently, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) due to their pro-angiogenic, anti-apoptotic, and immunoregulatory competencies along with fewer ethical issues are presented as a rational strategy for regenerative medicine. Current reports have signified that the pleiotropic effects of MSCs are not related to their differentiation potentials, but rather are exerted through the release of soluble paracrine molecules. Being nano-sized, non-toxic, biocompatible, barely immunogenic, and owning targeting capability and organotropism, exosomes are considered nanocarriers for their possible use in diagnosis and therapy.

CAR-engineered NK cells; a promising therapeutic option for treatment of hematological malignancies.

Adoptive cell therapy has received a great deal of interest in the treatment of advanced cancers that are resistant to traditional therapy. The tremendous success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T (CAR-T) cells in the treatment of cancer, especially hematological cancers, has exposed CAR's potential. However, the toxicity and significant limitations of CAR-T cell immunotherapy prompted research into other immune cells as potential candidates for CAR engineering.

CAR-NK cell in cancer immunotherapy; A promising frontier.

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have a unique facet of synthetic biology and offer a paradigm shift in personalized medicine as they can use and redirect the patient's immune cells to attack cancer cells. CAR-natural killer (NK) cells combine the targeted specificity of antigens with the subsequent intracellular signaling ability of the receptors to increase their anti-cancer functions. Importantly, CAR-NK cells can be utilized as universal cell-based therapy without requiring human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching or earlier contact with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs).

The Most Competent Plant-Derived Natural Products for Targeting Apoptosis in Cancer Therapy.

Cancer is a challenging problem for the global health community, and its increasing burden necessitates seeking novel and alternative therapies. Most cancers share six basic characteristics known as "cancer hallmarks", including uncontrolled proliferation, refractoriness to proliferation blockers, escaping apoptosis, unlimited proliferation, enhanced angiogenesis, and metastatic spread. Apoptosis, as one of the best-known programmed cell death processes, is generally promoted through two signaling pathways, including the intrinsic and extrinsic cascades.

Nanocurcumin improves Treg cell responses in patients with mild and severe SARS-CoV2.

In Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a decreased number of regulatory T (Treg) cells and their mediated factors lead to a hyperinflammatory state due to overactivation of the inflammatory cells and factors during the infection. In the current study, we evaluated the Nanocurcumin effects on the Treg cell population and corresponding factors in mild and severe COVID-19 patients. To investigate the Nanocurcumin effects, 80 COVID-19 patients (40 at the severe stage and 40 at the mild stage) were selected and classified into Nanocurcumin and placebo arms.

Any closer to successful therapy of multiple myeloma? CAR-T cell is a good reason for optimism.

Despite many recent advances on cancer novel therapies, researchers have yet a long way to cure cancer. They have to deal with tough challenges before they can reach success. Nonetheless, it seems that recently developed immunotherapy-based therapy approaches such as adoptive cell transfer (ACT) have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy against various kinds of tumors even the cancers in the blood (liquid cancers).

Outcomes after arthroscopic revision surgery for anterior cruciate ligament injuries.

Background and purpose - The frequency of primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is increasing resulting in more ACL revision surgeries. Therefore, we assessed survival rates of 2 different grafts for ACL revision surgery at 1- and 5-year follow-ups, as well as physical activity levels of patients after revision surgery.Patients and methods - This is a retrospective cohort study involving 218 patients (176 males) who had revision surgery for anterior cruciate ligament injuries between 2008 and 2017 at the Clinic of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Joint Pathology Clinic (I.

Mesenchymal stem cells and cancer therapy: insights into targeting the tumour vasculature.

A crosstalk established between tumor microenvironment and tumor cells leads to contribution or inhibition of tumor progression. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are critical cells that fundamentally participate in modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and have been reported to be able to regulate and determine the final destination of tumor cell. Conflicting functions have been attributed to the activity of MSCs in the tumor microenvironment; they can confer a tumorigenic or anti-tumor potential to the tumor cells.

CAR T cells in solid tumors: challenges and opportunities.

Background: CARs are simulated receptors containing an extracellular single-chain variable fragment (scFv), a transmembrane domain, as well as an intracellular region of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in association with a co-stimulatory signal.

Main Body: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are genetically engineered T cells to express a receptor for the recognition of the particular surface marker that has given rise to advances in the treatment of blood disorders. The CAR T cells obtain supra-physiological properties and conduct as "living drugs" presenting both immediate and steady effects after expression in T cells surface.

The role of non-coding genome in the behavior of infiltrated myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor microenvironment; a perspective and state-of-the-art in cancer targeted therapy.

Cancer is one of the healthcare problems that affect many communities around the world. Many factors contribute to cancer development. Besides, these factors are counted as the main impediment in cancer immunotherapy.

Quality of life, anxiety and depressive disorders in patients with extrasystolic arrhythmia.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to perform a comparative and economic analysis of the degree of development of anxiety-depressive disorder in patients with different types of extrasystolic arrhythmia using different assessment scales.

Material And Methods: The study was conducted in 2018-2019 at the premises of clinic No. 4, involving 450 patients (Moscow, Russia).

Comprehensive Use of Dynamic Electrical Neurostimulation and Botulinum Toxin Therapy in Patients with Post-Stroke Spasticity.

Background: Acute cerebrovascular accident poses a threat to the health of the nation. Dynamic electric neurostimulation decreases the excitability of the receptor apparatus, optimize microcirculatory processes, analgesic and antispasmodic effects.

Methods: This article discusses the rehabilitation of 96 men and women with post-stroke spasticity, mean age of 60.

Changes in Th17 cells frequency and function after ozone therapy used to treat multiple sclerosis patients.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease with chronic inflammation. In the course of the disease, the increased levels of Th17 cell, and its relevant inflammatory factors, may cause disease inflammation and progression. Ozone therapy with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory functions is known as a beneficial therapeutic approach.

Fullerene C60 containing porphyrin-like metal center as drug delivery system for ibuprofen drug.

Today, drug delivery systems based on nanostructures have become the most efficient to be studied. Recent studies revealed that the fullerenes can be used as drug carriers and transport drugs in a target cell. The aim of the present work is to study the interaction of C60 fullerene containing porphyrin-like transition metal-N4 clusters (TMN4C55, TM = Fe, Co, and Ni) with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (ibuprofen (Ibp)) by employing the method of the density functional theory.

Comprehensive Treatment and Rehabilitation of Patients With Osteosarcoma of the Mandible.

Objective: The article studies state-of-the art physical therapeutic techniques as a high degree of relevance to minimize invalidation and improve quality of life for patients with dental osteosarcoma.

Materials And Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in 21 patients with osteogenic sarcoma of mandible (C41.1).