A super-giant basal cell carcinoma of the scalp.

Basal cell carcinoma is a malignant skin cancer, originating from basal cells. However, it is regarded more benign than other skin cancers, in the majority of the cases. If left untreated, it can lead to various complications, degradation of quality of life and even mortality to the patient.

Pulmonary Endometriosis: A Systematic Review.

: Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial-like glands and stroma outside the endometrial cavity, which mainly occurs in the pelvic cavity. Pulmonary endometriosis, or thoracic endometriosis syndrome (TES), describes the rare presence of endometrial-like cells in the thoracic cavity and includes catamenial pneumothorax, catamenial hemothorax, hemoptysis, and lung nodules. Our aim is to summarize the results of all reported cases of TES.

Role of histone deacetylase inhibitors in diabetic cardiomyopathy in experimental models (Review).

In diabetes, metabolic dysregulation, caused by hyperglycemia, leads to both structural and functional changes in cardiomyocytes and subsequently leads to the development of cardiomyopathy. Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are enzymes that regulate gene transcription. Their actions have been examined in the development of multiple disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

Clinical Significance of the Histone Deacetylase 2 (HDAC-2) Expression in Human Breast Cancer.

Background/aim: There is a strong association between malignancy and histone deacetylases (HDACs). Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are now being tested as antitumor agents in various clinical trials. We aimed to assess the clinical importance of HDAC-2 in breast cancer (BC).

The Role of SNHG15 in the Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts of more than 200 nucleotides which cannot be translated into proteins. Small nucleolar RNA host gene 15 (SNHG15) is a lncRNA whose dysregulation has been found to have an important impact on carcinogenesis and affect the prognosis of cancer patients in various cancer types. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers with a poor long-term prognosis, while the best prognostic factor of the disease is its early diagnosis and surgery.

Concomitant Existence of Bilateral Adrenal Adenomas. To Operate or Not?

Nowadays, through the wide use of both magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, the diagnosis of adrenal incidentaloma is becoming increasingly frequent. Pheochromocytomas are neuroendocrine tumors which produce catecholamine, and they are characterized by headaches, palpitations, sweating and hypertension. Aldosterone-secreting adrenal cortical adenomas can cause various metabolic and cardiovascular diseases due to aldosterone excess.

Targeting the Endocannabinoid System: From the Need for New Therapies to the Development of a Promising Strategy. What About Pancreatic Cancer?

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal malignancies, and therefore, new strategies, which aim at the improvement of the prognosis of this lethal disease, are needed. Many clinical trials have failed to improve overall survival. Nowadays, research is focused on advances provided by novel potential targets to efficiently enhance life expectancy.

All that Glitters is not Cholecystitis. A Rare Presentation of Acute Pericarditis Mimicking Cholecystitis and Review of the Literature.

Acute pericarditis is the most common inflammatory disorder of the pericardium, responsible for approximately 5% of visits to the emergency departments, concerning chest pain without myocardial infarction. We report a case of a 41-year-old man who presented to our hospital, complaining about retrosternal and epigastrium pain. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed pericardial effusion while the electrocardiogram and laboratory findings revealed acute pericarditis.

Comment on renal autotransplantation: A final option to preserve the kidney after an iatrogenic ureteral injury.

To the Editor, Autologous Renal Transplantation (ART) since firstly described in 1963 by Hardy, has been used in various cases. There are various reasons for the transplantation such as iatrogenic ureteral damage, chronic kidney pain, unresectable renal tumors or renovascular diseases. Indications concerning the suitable patients for this kind of procedure are gradually increasing.

Histone Deacetylases and their Inhibitors in Colorectal Cancer Therapy: Current Evidence and Future Considerations.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) comprises a heterogeneous group of gastrointestinal tract tumors. It is a multifactorial disease, and a plethora of distinct factors are involved in its pathogenesis and pathophysiology. The development of CRC is not limited to genetic changes, but epigenetic and environmental factors are also involved.

Investigational Drug Treatments for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer (BC) and accounts for 10-20% of cases. Due to the lack of expression of several receptors, hormone therapy is largely ineffective for treatment purposes. Nevertheless, TNBC often responds very well to chemotherapy, which constitutes the most often recommended treatment.

Medical Flossing and the Pilates Method: Their Effectiveness on the Strength, Endurance, and Functionality of Healthy Individuals.

The flossing method is an emerging therapeutic intervention based on the use of a floss-band that is circumnavigated at the various points of the body being treated. It is optimally combined with an appropriate exercise program to induce ischemia and release the fascia by applying pressure and movement to functional models. The Pilates method teaches the person to focus on the muscles, especially those responsible for the correct posture.

Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Evidence and Future Opportunities.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major health problem worldwide with a continuous increasing prevalence. Despite the introduction of targeted therapies like the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib, treatment outcomes are not encouraging. The prognosis of advanced HCC is still dismal, underlying the need for novel effective treatments.

Cushing's syndrome in pregnancy: a review of reported cases.

Cushing's syndrome (CS) causes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anovulatory infertility due to hypercortisolism, and it is very rare in pregnancy. CS in pregnancy is associated with important maternal-foetal morbidity and mortality, such as preeclampsia and premature delivery. A systematic search was conducted in the MEDLINE library to retrieve articles reporting cases of CS in pregnant women, during the period between 2010 and 2020.

Experimental Agents for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis: New Directions.

Cardiovascular and related metabolic disorders constitute a worldwide health challenge. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition based on both dyslipidemia and inflammation. Therefore, even when dyslipidemia is controlled, the risk of atherosclerosis remains.

The Impact of Peripheral Eosinophil Counts and Eosinophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (ELR) in the Clinical Course of COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Study.

Background/aim: Eosinophils are blood cells responsible for response against parasites and allergens. Eosinophil to lymphocyte ratio (ELR) is a biomarker for inflammatory conditions. Our aim was to evaluate the role of eosinophils and ELR in COVID-19 patients.

Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Systematic Review for a Benign Tumor.

Background/aim: Inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) is a rare, usually solitary and intraluminal polypoid benign tumor that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, although in the majority of cases it affects the stomach. This lesion is characterized by proliferation of highly vascular fibrous tissue and infiltration by a variable number of different inflammatory cells. Its etiology is unknown.

PCSK9 Antibody-based Treatment Strategies for Patients With Statin Intolerance.

Background: Statin intolerance refers to the inability of a patient to tolerate statin therapy, presenting muscle aches, pains, weakness and muscle inflammation. Thus, numerous patients are not treated with suitable statin-based therapy or take only very low doses. As a result, the desired decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is not achieved, resulting in patients at a high risk for cardiovascular events, requiring an alternative lipid-lowering treatment.

Ethical Dilemma: Is it Worthwhile Operating an End-Stage Pancreatic Cancer Patient with Acute Mesenteric Artery Ischemia?

Pancreatic cancer is as an aggressive malignancy with low survival rates. We present the first case of an operation of acute mesenteric ischemia performed in a patient with end-stage pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Through this case, we also discuss raising concerns regarding the management of severe complications such as acute mesenteric ischemia in patients with progressed pancreatic carcinoma.

Animal Models for the Calculation of Circulating Tumor Cells for Experimental Demonstration.

Metastasis is a process which is characterized by the existence of tumor cells in the bloodstream. This is a necessary situation in order for the malignant cells to be transported to other organs. Thus, the importance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the study of carcinogenesis is widely accepted.