Fluid challenge in critically ill patients receiving haemodynamic monitoring: a systematic review and comparison of two decades.

Introduction: Fluid challenges are widely adopted in critically ill patients to reverse haemodynamic instability. We reviewed the literature to appraise fluid challenge characteristics in intensive care unit (ICU) patients receiving haemodynamic monitoring and considered two decades: 2000-2010 and 2011-2021.

Methods: We assessed research studies and collected data regarding study setting, patient population, fluid challenge characteristics, and monitoring.