Heterogeneity in the formation of primary and secondary visual fields during human prenatal development.

The human neocortex has a huge surface area with unique cytoarchitectonics, most of which is concealed in sulci. Some cytoarchitectonic fields are associated with macroscopic landmarks. In particular, the primary visual field 17 is associated with the calcarine sulcus.

Neuromorphological Atlas of Human Prenatal Brain Development: White Paper.

Recent morphological data on human brain development are quite fragmentary. However, they are highly requested for a number of medical practices, educational programs, and fundamental research in the fields of embryology, cytology and histology, neurology, physiology, path anatomy, neonatology, and others. This paper provides the initial information on the new online Human Prenatal Brain Development Atlas (HBDA).

Cytoskeleton Markers in the Spinal Cord and Mechanoreceptors of Thick-Toed Geckos after Prolonged Space Flights.

Spaceflight may cause hypogravitational motor syndrome (HMS). However, the role of the nervous system in the formation of HMS remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of space flights on the cytoskeleton of the neuronal and glial cells in the spinal cord and mechanoreceptors in the toes of thick-toed geckos ( GRAY, 1864).

Prenatal development of sympathetic innervation of the human pancreas.

Background: The sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine secretion. The results of experimental studies also demonstrate the involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of endocrine cell differentiation and islet formation during the development of the pancreas. However, the prenatal development of sympathetic innervation of the human pancreas has not yet been studied.

The coincidence of two rare diseases with opposite metabolic phenotype: a child with congenital hyperinsulinism and Bloom syndrome.

Objectives: Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by insulin overproduction. CHI causes life-threatening hypoglycemia in neonates and infants. Bloom syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene resulting in genetic instability and an elevated rate of spontaneous sister chromatid exchanges.

Cerebellar morphology and behavioural correlations of the vestibular function alterations in weightlessness.

In humans and other vertebrates, the range of disturbances and behavioural changes induced by spaceflight conditions are well known. Sensory organs and the central nervous system (CNS) are forced to adapt to new environmental conditions of weightlessness. In comparison with peripheral vestibular organs and behavioural disturbances in weightlessness conditions, the CNS vestibular centres of vertebrates, including the cerebellum, have been poorly examined in orbital experiments, as well as in experimental micro- and hypergravity.

Reproduction and the Early Development of Vertebrates in Space: Problems, Results, Opportunities.

Humans and animals adapt to space flight conditions. However, the adaptive changes of fully formed organisms differ radically from the responses of vertebrate embryos, foetuses, and larvae to space flight. Development is associated with active cell proliferation and the formation of organs and systems.

Reptiles in Space Missions: Results and Perspectives.

Reptiles are a rare model object for space research. However, some reptile species demonstrate effective adaptation to spaceflight conditions. The main scope of this review is a comparative analysis of reptile experimental exposure in weightlessness, demonstrating the advantages and shortcomings of this model.

Pancreatic endocrine cell arrangement during human ontogeny.

In the human pancreas, various forms of endocrine cell arrangement are found: single endocrine cells, endocrine cell clusters, and mantel, bipolar and mosaic cell (mixed) islets. Our aim was to analyse the distribution and dynamics of insulin-, glucagon- and somatostatin-containing cells within the various forms of endocrine pancreas arrangement during human prenatal development and in adults and to suggest a mechanism of change in the endocrine cell ratio in adult islets. Pancreatic autopsies derived from human foetuses from the 10 to the 40 weeks of development and from adults were examined using histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric methods.

Immunohistochemical detection of vimentin in pancreatic islet β- and α-cells of macrosomic infants of diabetic and nondiabetic mothers.

Background: Expression of the intermediate filament protein vimentin has been recently observed in the pancreatic islet β- and α-cells of humans with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It was suggested that the presence of vimentin in endocrine cells may indicate islet tissue renewal, or potentially represent the dedifferentiation of endocrine cells, which could contribute to the onset of type 2 diabetes or islet cell dysfunction.

Aim: To analyze the expression of vimentin in pancreatic β- and α-cells of macrosomic infants of diabetic and nondiabetic mothers.

Vestibular cerebellum of thick-toed geckos (Chondrodactylus turnery GRAY, 1864) and C57/BL6N mice after the long-term space flight on the biosatellite BION-M1.

The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of long-term space flights on neuronal and glial cells of the vestibular cerebellum of C57/BL6N mice and thick-toed geckos (Chondrodactylus turnery GRAY, 1864). The cerebella from 26 mice and 13 geckos were used in this study. Ten mice and five geckos were flown aboard the BION-M1 biosatellite.

Structure of neuro-endocrine and neuro-epithelial interactions in human foetal pancreas.

In the pancreas of many mammals including humans, endocrine islet cells can be integrated with the nervous system components into neuro-insular complexes. The mechanism of the formation of such complexes is not clearly understood. The present study evaluated the interactions between the nervous system components, epithelial cells and endocrine cells in the human pancreas.

Ontogeny of neuro-insular complexes and islets innervation in the human pancreas.

The ontogeny of the neuro-insular complexes (NIC) and the islets innervation in human pancreas has not been studied in detail. Our aim was to describe the developmental dynamics and distribution of the nervous system structures in the endocrine part of human pancreas. We used double-staining with antibodies specific to pan-neural markers [neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100 protein] and to hormones of pancreatic endocrine cells.