Renal papillary tip biopsy in stone formers: a review of clinical safety and insights.

Alexander Randall first published renal papillary tip findings from stone formers in 1937, paving the way for endoscopic assessment to study stone pathogenesis. We performed a literature search to evaluate the safety of papillary tip biopsy and clinical insights gained from modern renal papillary investigations. A search on the topic of renal papillary biopsy provided an overview of Randall's plaques (RP), classification systems for renal papillary grading, and a summary of procedure type, complications, and outcomes.

Single port (SP) robotic pyeloplasty in a pediatric patient.

We began using the da Vinci single port (SP) robot for pediatric urologic surgeries at our institution due to limited access to the multiport robot. Availability of this technology has allowed us to schedule cases in a timelier fashion and increase access to minimally invasive urologic surgery for children in our area. Here, we report our technique for transperitoneal SP robotic pyeloplasty in the case of a 7 year-old boy with left ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

The availability of gonadotropin therapy from FDA-approved pharmacies for men with hypogonadism and infertility.

Background: Recent changes to the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 have created barriers to accessing therapy for men utilizing gonadotropins for hypogonadism and infertility.

Aim: In this study we sought to investigate ways to decrease disparities in the treatment of male hypogonadism by increasing access to gonadotropin therapy by identifying 503b outsourcing pharmacies which currently provide gonadotropin therapy.

Methods: A review of 503b compounding pharmacies was performed using the online published registry available from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).