Metastases to the thyroid gland-a report of six cases.

The association of an asymptomatic mass, normal thyroid function, and a cold nodule can occur months to years after a primary cancer. Work-up should include ruling out other metastases and fine-needle aspiration cytology. We report six cases of secondary thyroid cancer.

Lipid a radiosensitizes hypoxic EMT-6 tumor cells: role of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway.

Purpose: Lipid A has shown promising immunostimulatory effects in both experimental tumor models and advanced stage cancer patients. This study examines whether lipid A may directly modulate the radioresponse of tumor cells by activating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) through nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling.

Methods And Materials: Hypoxic EMT-6 tumor cells were exposed to lipid A and analyzed for the level of COX-2 and iNOS by Western blotting and enzymatic assays.