A Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Sequences in Kiev: Findings Among Key Populations.

Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in Ukraine has been driven by a rapid rise among people who inject drugs, but recent studies have shown an increase through sexual transmission.

Methods: Protease and reverse transcriptase sequences from 876 new HIV diagnoses (April 2013-March 2015) in Kiev were linked to demographic data. We constructed phylogenetic trees for 794 subtype A1 and 64 subtype B sequences and identified factors associated with transmission clustering.

HIV Incidence Estimates Using the Limiting Antigen Avidity EIA Assay at Testing Sites in Kiev City, Ukraine: 2013-2014.

Objective: To estimate HIV incidence and highlight the characteristics of persons at greatest risk of HIV in the Ukraine capital, Kiev.

Method: Residual samples from newly-diagnosed persons attending the Kiev City AIDS Centre were tested for evidence of recent HIV infection using an avidity assay. Questions on possible risk factors for HIV acquisition and testing history were introduced.

HIV Testing and Diagnosis Rates in Kiev, Ukraine: April 2013-March 2014.

Objective: Data from Ukraine on risk factors for HIV acquisition are limited. We describe the characteristics of individuals testing for HIV in the main testing centres of the Ukrainian capital Kiev, including HIV risk factors, testing rates, and positivity rates.

Methods: As part of a larger study to estimate HIV incidence within Kiev City, we included questions on possible risk factors for HIV acquisition and testing history to existing systems in 4 infectious disease clinics.

Synthesis of the antimalarial drug FR900098 utilizing the nitroso-ene reaction.

The antimalarial drug FR900098 was prepared from diethyl allylphosphonate involving the nitroso-ene reaction with nitrosocarbonyl methane as the key step followed by hydrogenation and dealkylation. The utilization of dibenzyl allylphosphonate as the starting compound allows one-step hydrogenation with dealkylation, which simplifies the preparative scheme further.

H-coupled electron transfer in alkane C-h activations with halogen electrophiles.

The mechanisms for the reactions of isobutane and adamantane with polyhalogen electrophiles (HHal(2)(+), Hal(3)(+), Hal(5)(+), and Hal(7)(+), Hal = Cl, Br, or I) were studied computationally at the MP2 and B3LYP levels of theory with the 6-31G (C, H, Cl, Br) and 3-21G (I) basis sets, as well as experimentally for adamantane halogenations in Br(2), Br(2)/HBr, and I(+)Cl(-)/CCl(4). The transition structures for the activation step display almost linear C..