Rye Bread Defects: Analysis of Composition and Further Influence Factors as Determinants of Dry-Baking.

For decades, the evaluation of rye milling products have been aimed at detecting raw material defects that are linked to excessive enzyme activity. Those defects were indirectly characterized by the rheological methods of the dough or the final products. However, such methods do not sufficiently reflect the baking properties of all rye flours present on the market.

Impact of experimental thermal processing of artificially contaminated pea products on ochratoxin A and phomopsin A.

Fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium genus can infect peas (Pisum sativum), leading to a contamination with the nephrotoxic and carcinogenic ochratoxin A (OTA). Under unfavourable conditions, a fungus primarily found on lupines, Diapothe toxica, may also grow on peas and produce the hepatotoxic phomopsin A (PHOA). To study the effect of processing on OTA and PHOA content, two model products-wheat/rye-mixed bread with pea flour addition and pea pasta-were manufactured at small-business scale from artificially contaminated pea flour.

Narrow-Banded UVB Affects the Stability of Secondary Plant Metabolites in Kale ( var. ) and Pea () Leaves Being Added to Lentil Flour Fortified Bread: A Novel Approach for Producing Functional Foods.

Young kale and pea leaves are rich in secondary plant metabolites (SPMs) whose profile can be affected by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. Carotenoids and flavonoids in kale and pea exposed to narrow-banded UVB, produced by innovative light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and subsequently used for breadmaking were investigated for the first time, thus combining two important strategies to increase the SPMs intake. Breads were also fortified with protein-rich lentil flour.

Brassica-enriched wheat bread: Unraveling the impact of ontogeny and breadmaking on bioactive secondary plant metabolites of pak choi and kale.

Consumption of Brassica vegetables is linked to health benefits, as they contain high concentrations of the following secondary plant metabolites (SPMs): glucosinolate breakdown products, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and phenolic compounds. Especially Brassica vegetables are consumed as microgreens (developed cotyledons). It was investigated how different ontogenetic stages (microgreens or leaves) of pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp.

Bread Enriched With Legume Microgreens and Leaves-Ontogenetic and Baking-Driven Changes in the Profile of Secondary Plant Metabolites.

Flavonoids, carotenoids, and chlorophylls were characterized in microgreens and leaves of pea () and lupin () as these metabolites change during ontogeny. All metabolites were higher in the leaves for both species. Acylated quercetin and kaempferol sophorotrioses were predominant in pea.

Mechanisms leading to disseminated apoptosis following NMDA receptor blockade in the developing rat brain.

The developing rodent brain is vulnerable to pharmacological blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors which can lead to severe and disseminated apoptotic neurodegeneration. Here, we show that systemic administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 to 7-day-old rats leads to impaired activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and reduces levels of phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) in brain regions which display severe apoptotic neurodegeneration. Impaired ERK1/2 and CREB activity were temporally paralleled by sustained depletion of neurotrophin expression, particularly brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).