Estimating surgical blood loss: A review of current strategies in various clinical settings.

The estimation of surgical blood loss is routinely performed during and after surgical procedures and has morbidity and mortality implications related to the risk of under- and over-resuscitation. The strategies for estimating surgical blood loss include visual estimation, the gravimetric method, the colorimetric method, formula-based methods, and other techniques (e.g.

Intrapulmonary Shunting and Paradoxical Air Embolism in Liver Transplantation: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND A paradoxical air embolism (PAE) occurs when air entering the central venous circulation reaches the systemic circulation, occurring through an intracardiac shunt or intrapulmonary shunting. Patients presenting for liver transplantation often have intrapulmonary shunting due to pulmonary arterial vasodilation, even in the absence of hepatopulmonary syndrome. Here, we present a case of hemodynamic collapse believed to be caused by a PAE, which was diagnosed intraoperatively with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).

Implementation of a Liver Transplant-Specific TEE Guide to Expand TEE Utilization and Improve Workflow During Orthotopic Liver Transplantation.

Objectives: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is being increasingly utilized during orthotopic liver transplantation to guide perioperative management. Obstacles of improving TEE utilization include the challenge of becoming familiar with the TEE machine, optimizing TEE images, and translating skills acquired in didactic or simulator center-based training into clinical use.

Methods: In an effort to expand TEE utilization and improve workflow among the liver transplantation (LT) anesthesiologists at our institution, a LT-specific TEE guide was created to serve as a reference and educational tool during LT.

Development of New Donor-Specific and Human Leukocyte Antigen Antibodies After Transfusion in Adult Lung Transplantation.

Objectives: The development of new human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) in patients are associated with worse outcomes following lung transplantation. The authors aimed to examine the relationship between blood product transfusion in the first 72 hours after lung transplantation and the development of HLA antibodies, including DSAs.

Design: A retrospective observational study.

Transesophageal Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Aspiration of a Large Tricuspid Valve Vegetation in a Patient with Infective Endocarditis.

• Right-sided IE is associated with IVDU. • Percutaneous debulking of TV vegetations can be a therapeutic option. • TEE can help guide debulking.

Evaluation of Clinical Factors Associated with Adverse Drug Events in Patients Receiving Sub-Anesthetic Ketamine Infusions.

Introduction: Sub-anesthetic ketamine is frequently used as an analgesic to reduce perioperative opioid consumption and has also been shown to have antidepressant effects. Side effects of ketamine include dizziness, diplopia, nystagmus, and psychomimetic effects. It is unclear what clinical factors may be associated with ketamine-related adverse drug events (ADEs).

Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) Show a Preference for the Consumption of Ethanol.

Background: Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are significant global issues. Honey bees are excellent models for learning and other complex behaviors; furthermore, they share many behavioral responses to ethanol (EtOH) with humans and animal models. We develop a 2-feeder choice assay to determine whether honey bees will self-administer and preferentially consume solutions containing EtOH.

Nutritional value and taste play different roles in learning and memory in the honey bee (Apis mellifera).

Honey bees will learn to respond to an odor when their antennae are stimulated with sucrose, even if they are not fed during the conditioning phase. However, if they are not fed, the memory of this association is significantly reduced 24 h after conditioning. These results suggest that stimulation of proboscis with sucrose and/or the nutritional quality of the reward plays an important role in establishing a long lasting memory.