Publications by authors named "Alexander Sanin"

Article Synopsis
  • Ongoing outbreaks of various viral infections highlight the urgent need for new antiviral compounds, with a focus on immunomodulatory drugs due to the immunotoxic properties of many viruses.
  • A synthetic compound related to indole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives (referred to as XXV) has been developed, demonstrating antiviral and interferon-inducing activities in a macrophage-like cell model.
  • The study utilized real-time PCR to show that XXV significantly stimulates the expression of toll-like receptors, interferons, and cytokines, indicating its role as an activator of innate immunity and its potential in fighting viral pathogens.
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The review discusses a new approach to the prevention and treatment of viral infections based on the use of pine needles polyprenyl phosphate (PPP) and associated with the infringement of prenylation process-the attachment of farnesol or geranyl geraniol to the viral protein. Currently, prenylation has been detected in type 1 adenovirus, hepatitis C virus, several herpes viruses, influenza virus, HIV. However, this list is far from complete, given that prenylated proteins play an extremely important role in the activity of the virus.

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Fortepren(®), a product of the phosphorylation of polyprenols from fir needles (with sodium polyprenyl phosphate being the main active ingredient), belongs to the class of antiviral drugs with immunomodulating activity. Fortepren(®) may be used as the drug of choice in the treatment of herpes diseases. It was shown that treatment with Fortepren(®) of patients with a chronic recurrent herpes infection after acute phase termination with acyclovir decreased the recurrence rate, as well as the severity of local symptoms.

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The ability of plant polyisoprenoids (polyprenols and polyprenyl phosphates) to diminish the levels of serum cholesterol affecting its biosynthetic pathway are highlighted here. Possible mechanism of such process is discussed. It is also noted that polyisoprenoids can prevent toxic injuries of the liver and restore disturbed hepatic functions.

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Cytokine mRNA expression was studied in human long-term cell cultures of different origin: J-96 and J-41 (monocytic leukemia), SW-13 (paradrenal adenocarcinoma), and MT-4 (T-cell leukemia), in response to IFN-alpha and IFN inducers (kagocel and cycloferon). Cytokine mRNA level in the cell cultures was measured by the RT-PCR method using 11 primer pairs for the following cytokines: IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18 and TNF-alpha. It was shown that IFN-alpha and IFN inducers possess an ability to regulate different cytokine mRNAs.

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Polyprenols are an integral part of all living cells including prokaryotic and eukaryotic ones. These compounds take part in biosynthesis of glycoproteins. We have found that phosphates of polyprenols may act as effective antiviral agents with a wide spectrum of activity.

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Novel approach is suggested to study interferon (IFN) system state in various immunopathological disorders. It is based upon measurement of IFN-alpha and/or IFN-gamma production by leukocytes primed with IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma respectively. Study of IFN-status parameters revealed a tendency to decrease in the induced IFN-alpha production in patients with secondary immune deficiency (SID), autoimmune syndrome (AIS), allergic diseases, lymphoadenopathy (LAP), chronic bronchitis (CB) and bronchial asthma (BAS).

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Immunomodulatory properties of sodium polyprenyl phosphate (PP) were studied in vivo and in vitro. After injection to mice, PP was shown to increase serum levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IFN-gamma. The simultaneous inoculation of tick-born encephalitis virus (TBEV) and PP to mice resulted in earlier serum appearance of IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma (at days 1, 2 and 3, respectively) compared with mice which have received PP only.

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