The unfolded protein response is a cellular adaptive mechanism localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. It involves three phases: the detection of increased presence of unfolded proteins as a result of cellular stressors; the execution of an adaptive cascade of events aimed at the enhancement of proper protein folding and degradation of improperly folded proteins; and finally, when stress is not alleviated, the execution of programmed cell death. The main effectors of the UPR are transcription factors involved in the upregulation of either chaperone proteins or proapoptotic proteins.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjectives: To provide sex, age, and race specific reference values for ramp cycle ergometer cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in children in the US.
Study Design: Retrospective review was conducted of all cardiopulmonary CPET data from our Exercise Physiology Laboratory on healthy children and adolescents (6-18 years) with body mass index between the 5th and 95th percentiles and structurally normal hearts who performed a ramp cycle ergometry stress test between 1999 and 2015. Twenty-eight exercise variables were included: peak oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption at ventilatory anaerobic threshold, peak work rate, resting and peak heart rate and blood pressure, resting pulmonary function testing, and ventilatory responses to progressive exercise using breath-by-breath gas exchange.