The spatial distribution of thin filament activation influences force development and myosin activity in computational models of muscle contraction.

Striated muscle contraction is initiated by Ca binding to, and activating, thin filament regulatory units (RU) within the sarcomere, which then allows myosin cross-bridges from the opposing thick filament to bind actin and generate force. The amount of overlap between the filaments dictates how many potential cross-bridges are capable of binding, and thus how force is generated by the sarcomere. Myopathies and atrophy can impair muscle function by limiting cross-bridge interactions between the filaments, which can occur when the length of the thin filament is reduced or when RU function is disrupted.

Hip hemi-arthroplasty for neck of femur fracture: What is the current evidence?

This editorial reviews and summarises the current evidence (meta-analyses and Cochrane reviews) relating to the use of hip hemi-arthroplasty for neck of femur fractures. Regarding the optimal surgical approach, two recent meta-analyses have found that posterior approaches are associated with: higher rates of dislocation compared to lateral and anterior approaches; and higher rates of re-operation compared to lateral approaches. Posterior approaches should therefore be avoided when performing hip hemi-arthroplasty procedures.

Return to sport following Lisfranc injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Information regarding return rates (RR) and mean return times (RT) to sport following Lisfranc injuries remains limited.

Methods: A systematic search of nine major databases was performed to identify all studies which recorded RR or RT to sport following lisfranc injuries.

Results: Seventeen studies were included (n=366).

Excellent Survival and Good Outcomes at 15 Years Using the Press-Fit Condylar Sigma Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Background: We report 15-year survival, clinical, and radiographic follow-up data for the Press-Fit Condylar Sigma total knee arthroplasty.

Methods: Between October 1998 and October 1999, 235 consecutive TKAs were performed in 203 patients. Patients were reviewed at a specialist nurse-led clinic before surgery and at 5, 8-10, and 15 years postoperatively.

Effects of cross-bridge compliance on the force-velocity relationship and muscle power output.

Muscles produce force and power by utilizing chemical energy through ATP hydrolysis. During concentric contractions (shortening), muscles generate less force compared to isometric contractions, but consume greater amounts of energy as shortening velocity increases. Conversely, more force is generated and less energy is consumed during eccentric muscle contractions (lengthening).

Return to sport following tibial plateau fractures: A systematic review.

Aim: To systemically review all studies reporting return to sport following tibial plateau fracture, in order to provide information on return rates and times to sport, and to assess variations in sporting outcome for different treatment methods.

Methods: A systematic search of CINAHAL, Cochrane, EMBASE, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PEDro, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science was performed in January 2017 using the keywords "tibial", "plateau", "fractures", "knee", "athletes", "sports", "non-operative", "conservative", "operative", "return to sport". All studies which recorded return rates and times to sport following tibial plateau fractures were included.

Epidemiology of open fractures in sport: One centre's 15-year retrospective study.

Aim: To describe the epidemiology of sport-related open fractures from one centre's adult patient population over a 15-year period.

Methods: A retrospective review of a prospectively-collected database was performed: The database contained information all sport-related open fractures, sustained from 1995 to 2009 in the Edinburgh, Mid and East Lothian Populations.

Results: Over the 15-year period, there were 85 fractures recorded in 84 patients.

Lower limb stress fractures in sport: Optimising their management and outcome.

Stress fractures in sport are becoming increasing more common, comprising up to 10% of all of sporting injuries. Around 90% of such injuries are located in the lower limb. This articles aims to define the optimal management of lower limb stress fractures in the athlete, with a view to maximise return rates and minimise return times to sport.

Femoral Neck Stress Fractures in Sport: A Current Concepts Review.

Femoral neck stress fractures (FNSFs) account for 3% of all sport-related stress fractures. The commonest causative sports are marathon and long-distance running. The main types of FNSF are compression-sided, tension-sided and displaced.

Return to Sport After Tibial Shaft Fractures: A Systematic Review.

Context: Acute tibial shaft fractures represent one of the most severe injuries in sports. Return rates and return-to-sport times after these injuries are limited, particularly with regard to the outcomes of different treatment methods.

Objective: To determine the current evidence for the treatment of and return to sport after tibial shaft fractures.

Fractures in sport: Optimising their management and outcome.

Fractures in sport are a specialised cohort of fracture injuries, occurring in a high functioning population, in which the goals are rapid restoration of function and return to play with the minimal symptom profile possible. While the general principles of fracture management, namely accurate fracture reduction, appropriate immobilisation and timely rehabilitation, guide the treatment of these injuries, management of fractures in athletic populations can differ significantly from those in the general population, due to the need to facilitate a rapid return to high demand activities. However, despite fractures comprising up to 10% of all of sporting injuries, dedicated research into the management and outcome of sport-related fractures is limited.

Erratum to: Smartphone apps for orthopaedic sports medicine – a smart move?

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13102-015-0017-6.].

Smartphone apps for orthopaedic sports medicine - a smart move?

Background: With the advent of smartphones together with their downloadable applications (apps), there is increasing opportunities for doctors, including orthopaedic sports surgeons, to integrate such technology into clinical practice. However, the clinical reliability of these medical apps remains questionable. We reviewed available apps themed specifically towards Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and related conditions and assessed the level of medical professional involvement in their design and content, along with a review of these apps.

Sports-related fractures in South East Scotland: an analysis of 990 fractures.

Purpose: To describe the characteristics of all sports related fractures in patients aged ≥ 15 years in South East Scotland in one year.

Methods: Medical records of 990 consecutive patients aged ≥ 15 years who presented to the Orthopaedic Trauma Unit of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh with sports-related fractures between 1 July 2007 and 30 June 2008 were reviewed. Acute fractures of the upper limbs, lower limbs, pelvis, and cervical spine were included, but those of the skull, facial bones, and thorax were excluded, as were stress and chronic fractures.

Epidemiology, management, and outcome of sport-related ankle fractures in a standard UK population.

Background: The literature on the outcome of sport-related ankle fractures has focused on operatively managed fractures, despite a large proportion being treated nonoperatively. We describe the epidemiology, management, and outcome of acute sport-related ankle fractures in a UK population.

Methods: All sport-related ankle fractures sustained during 2007 to 2008 in the Lothian Population were prospectively collected when patients attended the only adult orthopaedic service in Lothian.

Incidence and Time to Return to Training for Stress Fractures during Military Basic Training.

Currently, little is known about the length of time required to rehabilitate patients from stress fractures and their return to preinjury level of physical activity. Previous studies have looked at the return to sport in athletes, in a general population, where rehabilitation is not as controlled as within a captive military population. In this study, a longitudinal prospective epidemiological database was assessed to determine the incidence of stress fractures and the time taken to rehabilitate recruits to preinjury stage of training.

The importance of the orthopaedic doctors' appearance: a cross-regional questionnaire based study.

Objectives: Critics of the Department of Health 'bare below the elbow' guidelines have raised concerns over the impact of these dress regulations on the portrayed image and professionalism of doctors. However, the importance of the doctor's appearance in relation to other professional attributes is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the opinion of patients on the importance of appearance and the style of clothing worn by doctors.

The epidemiology, morbidity and outcome of fractures in rugby union from a standard population.

Background: Rugby union is the second commonest cause of sporting fracture in the UK, yet little is known about patient outcomes following such fractures.

Objective: To describe the epidemiology of fractures in rugby union, their morbidity and the likelihood of return to rugby post-injury in a known UK population at all skill levels.

Methods: All rugby union fractures sustained during 2007-2008 in the Edinburgh, Mid and East Lothian populations were prospectively recorded, when patients attended the only adult orthopaedic service in Lothian.

Bone mineral density and osteoporosis after preterm birth: the role of early life factors and nutrition.

The effects of preterm birth and perinatal events on bone health in later life remain largely unknown. Bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis risk may be programmed by early life factors. We summarise the existing literature relating to the effects of prematurity on adult BMD and the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis and programming of bone growth.

A Review on the Management of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis.

Arthritis is the most common chronic condition affecting patients over the age of 70. The prevalence of osteoarthritis increases with age, and with an aging population, the effect of this disease will represent an ever-increasing burden on health care. The knee is the most common joint affected in osteoarthritis, with up to 41% of limb arthritis being located in the knee, compared to 30% in hands and 19% in hips.

The epidemiology, morbidity, and outcome of soccer-related fractures in a standard population.

Background: Soccer is the most common cause of sporting fracture, but little is known about patient outcome after such fractures.

Purpose: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of soccer-related fractures, their outcomes, and the likelihood of return to soccer after injury in a known United Kingdom population at all skill levels.

Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.

The epidemiology of sports-related fractures in adolescents.

Objective: To examine the epidemiology of sports-related fractures in adolescents aged 10-19 years.

Methods: All fractures in adolescents presenting to the Royal Hospital for Sick Children and the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in a one-year period were prospectively documented and all sports-related fractures retrospectively examined. These two hospitals have a defined population facilitating epidemiological studies.

The epidemiology of acute sports-related fractures in adults.

Objective: To determine the incidence and epidemiology of acute sports-related fractures in adults.

Design: Retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database containing all in-patient and out-patient fractures in a defined patient population in 2000.

Setting: Orthopaedic Trauma Unit.