Automated vs. manual coding of neuroimaging reports via natural language processing, using the international classification of diseases, tenth revision.

Objective: Natural language processing (NLP) can generate diagnoses codes from imaging reports. Meanwhile, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes are the United States' standard for billing/coding, which enable tracking disease burden and outcomes. This cross-sectional study aimed to test feasibility of an NLP algorithm's performance and comparison to radiologists' and physicians' manual coding.

Increased pituitary volumes in patients with Sanfilippo syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type 3, MPS III).

Purpose: To evaluate apparent pituitary gland enlargement in patients with Sanfilippo syndrome observed at our institution.

Methods: Twelve patients with Sanfilippo syndrome with brain MRI were studied. Anterior, posterior, and whole pituitary volumes were estimated using the prolate ellipsoid volume calculation method (π/6 × L × W × H).

The practical limits of high-quality magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis and classification of trigeminal neuralgia.

Background: Neurovascular compression (NVC) has been the primary hypothesis for the underlying mechanism of classical trigeminal neuralgia (TN). However, a substantial body of literature has emerged highlighting notable exceptions to this hypothesis. The purpose of this study is to assess the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of high resolution, high contrast MRI-determined neurovascular contact for TN.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with a special focus on seizures.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a neurological disorder characterized by headache, seizures, confusion and visual disturbances, as well as potentially reversible neuroimaging findings in most patients after proper treatment. Seizures is one of the most common clinical presentations of PRES. This review summarizes the potential pathophysiology and clinical features of PRES, as well as a multimodal approach to imaging and also briefly discusses the phenomenon of seizures in paediatric population.

Urea Cycle Disorders: A Neuroimaging Pattern Approach Using Diffusion and FLAIR MRI.

Background And Purpose: This study aimed to assess characteristic regions of MRI involvement utilizing diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) at urea cycle disorder (UCD) diagnosis to determine the possible association between initial MRI patterns within 10 days of the first hyperammonemia episode, serum ammonia levels, and severity of neurological outcome based on clinical follow-up of >30 days.

Methods: Ten patients with UCDs (4 females; median age: 5.4 years, age range: 6 days-54 years) were included who underwent MRI during a first episode of hyperammonemia.

Coexistence of radiation-induced glioma and acute pontine infarct 40 years after radiotherapy for glioma: A case report.

We report an unusual case of radiation-induced glioma with a very long latent period. The patient had a history of brain stem glioma diagnosed 40 years earlier treated by radiotherapy. For treatment of radiation-induced glioma, radiotherapy was utilized again.

The Spectrum of MR Imaging Patterns Suggestive of Pediatric Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Children With Cerebral X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy.

Background And Purpose: Children receiving chemotherapy, or immunosuppression have an increased risk for pediatric posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (pPRES); pPRES is scantly described in cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD) patients, for which hematopoietic stem cell transplantation improves outcomes. This study aimed to describe distinctive lesion patterns, distribution, and evolution of neuroimaging findings in PRES in a single-center pediatric cohort of cALD.

Methods: We retrospectively identified all clinically acquired brain MRIs of children with cALD at a tertiary care university hospital between 1995 and 2020.

Role of Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging in Detecting Retinal Hemorrhages in Children with Head Trauma.

Purpose: This study was carried out to evaluate the utility of susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) in demonstrating retinal hemorrhages (RH) in pediatric head trauma.

Methods: Over a period of 7 years 67 children (age 0-4 years) with head trauma and MRI were included as either abusive head trauma (AHT) (n = 23), non-abusive head trauma (NAHT) (n = 38), or indeterminate (n = 6). Two pediatric neuroradiologists jointly reviewed the MR images for the presence of RH and sensitivity and specificity of SWI and T2WI were calculated.

Imaging Patterns of Toxic and Metabolic Brain Disorders.

Toxic and metabolic brain disorders are relatively uncommon diseases that affect the central nervous system, but they are important to recognize as they can lead to catastrophic outcomes if not rapidly and properly managed. Imaging plays a key role in determining the most probable diagnosis, pointing to the next steps of investigation, and providing prognostic information. The majority of cases demonstrate bilateral and symmetric involvement of structures at imaging, affecting the deep gray nuclei, cortical gray matter, and/or periventricular white matter, and some cases show specific imaging manifestations.

Stroke atlas of the brain: Voxel-wise density-based clustering of infarct lesions topographic distribution.

Objective: The supply territories of main cerebral arteries are predominantly identified based on distribution of infarct lesions in patients with large arterial occlusion; whereas, there is no consensus atlas regarding the supply territories of smaller end-arteries. In this study, we applied a data-driven approach to construct a stroke atlas of the brain using hierarchical density clustering in large number of infarct lesions, assuming that voxels/regions supplied by a common end-artery tend to infarct together.

Methods: A total of 793 infarct lesions on MRI scans of 458 patients were segmented and coregistered to MNI-152 standard brain space.

ACR guidance document on MR safe practices: Updates and critical information 2019.

The need for a guidance document on MR safe practices arose from a growing awareness of the MR environment's potential risks and adverse event reports involving patients, equipment, and personnel. Initially published in 2002, the American College of Radiology White Paper on MR Safety established de facto industry standards for safe and responsible practices in clinical and research MR environments. The most recent version addresses new sources of risk of adverse events, increases awareness of dynamic MR environments, and recommends that those responsible for MR medical director safety undergo annual MR safety training.

"CHOICES": An acronym to aid in delineating potential causes of non-metabolic, non-infectious acute toxic leukoencephalopathy.

Purpose: To describe non-metabolic, non-infectious etiologies of acute toxic leukoencephalopathy (ATL) on DWI MRI, and provide a useful acronym to remember them.

Material And Methods: Our PACS archive was reviewed, yielding 185 patients with suspected ATL per MRI reports and clinical follow up; infectious or metabolic causes were excluded.

Result/discussion: The 87 included non-infectious, non-metabolic ATL patients' etiologies are represented by the acronym 'CHOICES': chemotherapy ('C',n = 34); heroin-induced ('H',n = 6), opioid analogues ('O',n = 14); immunosuppressant ('I',n = 11) or imidazole (n = 2); cocaine ('C',n = 1); environmental or ethanol abuse ('E',n = 5), splenial lesions ('S',n = 9), and 'other' (n = 5).

Review of diffuse cortical injury on diffusion-weighted imaging in acutely encephalopathic patients with an acronym: "CRUMPLED".

Purpose: Acute encephalopathic syndromes can present a diagnostic challenge due to the wide range of possible etiologies, which also can have vastly different outcomes. The presence of diffuse cortical injury (DCI) on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can help narrow the differential diagnosis. The aim of this review is to categorize the range of possible etiologies of DCI into a useful acronym, "CRUMPLED".

Concomitant Acute Toxic Leukoencephalopathy and Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome.

Background And Purpose: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and acute toxic leukoencephalopathy (ATL) are both potentially reversible clinicoradiologic entities. Although their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings differ, rarely both may occur simultaneously in acutely encephalopathic patients. Our aim was to determine the incidence and causes of concomitant "ATL-PRES.

Imaging features of neurotoxoplasmosis: A multiparametric approach, with emphasis on susceptibility-weighted imaging.

Background: Neurotoxoplasmosis is a common opportunistic infection in HIV/AIDS patients. Imaging identification of neurotoxoplasmosis assists in timely treatment.

Purpose: To delineate the frequency of imaging abnormalities in patients with neurotoxoplasmosis on different MR sequences with a particular focus on SWI, and NCCT.

Septo-optic Dysplasia : Assessment of Associated Findings with Special Attention to the Olfactory Sulci and Tracts.

Purpose: Septo-optic dysplasia is a congenital disorder consisting of optic nerve hypoplasia and absent septum pellucidum. While associated anomalies have been described, olfactory sulcus and bulb-tract hypoplasia have been scantily reported and was the focus of this study.

Methods: The picture archival and communications system and radiology information system (PACS-RIS) was searched over 15 years for patients with suspected septo-optic dysplasia (n = 41) and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Various Cranial and Orbital Imaging Findings in Pediatric Abusive and Non-abusive Head trauma, and Relation to Outcomes.

Background And Purpose: Differentiating Abusive Head Trauma (AHT) from Non-abusive Head trauma (NAHT) has profound clinical prognostic and legal implications, as certain imaging findings can individually be more suggestive of NAHT, while others are more suggestive of AHT. This study was set out to evaluate for an association between the various imaging findings in AHT with outcome.

Material And Methods: Over 7-years, 55 children (age 0-4 years') with head trauma and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were included as either: abusive (n = 16), non-abusive (n = 35), or indeterminate (n = 4).

Multivariate Prognostic Model of Acute Stroke Combining Admission Infarct Location and Symptom Severity: A Proof-of-Concept Study.

Background: The information on topographic distribution of acute ischemic infarct can contribute to prediction of functional outcome. We aimed to develop a multivariate model for stroke prognostication, combining admission clinical and imaging variables, including the infarct topology.

Methods: Acute ischemic stroke patients without baseline functional disability who had magnetic resonance imaging within 24 hours of onset or last-seen-well were included.

Controversy of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: what have we learnt in the last 20 years?

Over two decades have passed since posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) was first described in 1996. It has becoming increasingly recognised because of improved and more readily available imaging modality. The exact pathophysiological mechanism is not completely understood and remains controversial at present.

Potentially reversible acute cerebellar toxicity associated with Minnelide.

Purpose: Minnelide is an experimental antineoplastic agent that is currently the subject of a phase 1 clinical trial for the treatment of pancreatic and gastrointestinal malignancies. In this study, we documented two cases of reversible acute cerebellar toxicity (REACT) associated with Minnelide and compared its radiological manifestations with other cerebellotoxic agents.

Methods: Both patients had histories of progressive metastatic cancer and participated in a phase 1 clinical trial with Minnelide.

Utility of coronal contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed FLAIR in the evaluation of optic neuropathy and atrophy.

Background And Purpose: Evaluating chronic sequelae of optic neuritis, such as optic neuropathy with or without optic nerve atrophy, can be challenging on whole brain MRI. This study evaluated the utility of dedicated coronal contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed FLAIR (CE-FS-FLAIR) MR imaging to detect optic neuropathy and optic nerve atrophy.

Materials And Methods: Over 4.

A Modified Method for Creating Elastase-Induced Aneurysms by Ligation of Common Carotid Arteries in Rabbits and Its Effect on Surrounding Arteries.

Background And Purpose: Rabbit models of intracranial aneurysms are frequently used in pre-clinical settings. This study aimed to demonstrate an alternative, extravascular method for creating elastase-induced aneurysms, and how ligation of the right common carotid arteries (RCCA) can impact flow redistribution into left CCA (LCCA).

Methods: Elastase-induced aneurysms in 18 New Zealand rabbits (4.

Use of Clinical Decision Support to Increase Premedication Regimen Homogeneity.

Purpose: Patients with prior allergic reactions to iodinated contrast require premedication. This study aimed to increase the homogeneity of premedication orders in such patients.

Methods: A point-of-care (POC) clinical decision support (CDS) alert accompanied by an order set was implemented in the electronic health record (EHR) to notify providers of a prior allergic reaction upon ordering an examination involving iodinated contrast.

The Effects of DWI-Infarct Lesion Volume on DWI-FLAIR Mismatch: Is There a Need for Size Stratification?

Background: The lack of fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) hyperintensity in areas of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) high signal, or DWI-FLAIR mismatch, is a potential imaging biomarker for timing of stroke onset. We aimed to determine the effects of DWI infarct lesion volume on DWI-FLAIR mismatch and its accuracy for identification of strokes within intravenous (IV) the thrombolytic therapy window.

Methods: Acute ischemic stroke patients with magnetic resonance imaging scan within 12 hours of witnessed stroke were included.

All that bleeds is not black: susceptibility weighted imaging of intracranial hemorrhage and the effect of T1 signal.

Purpose: To determine if intracranial hemorrhages (ICH) are always hypointense on Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) and to determine the effect of T1-signal intensity on the appearance of ICH in SWI series.

Methods: SWI and T1-signal intensities of ICH were retrospectively studied in a series of patients. SWI signal intensities were statistically correlated with T1-signal intensities.