Invasive fungal infections in critically ill children: epidemiology, risk factors and antifungal drugs.

Background: Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are important infectious complications amongst critically ill children. The most common fungal infections are due to species. , and are also emerging because of the empirical use of antifungal drugs.

Childhood guttate psoriasis: an updated review.

Background: Guttate psoriasis is common and affects 0.5-2% of individuals in the paediatric age group. This review aims to familiarize physicians with the clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis and proper management of guttate psoriasis.

Tinea pedis: an updated review.

Background: Tinea pedis is one of the most common superficial fungal infections of the skin, with various clinical manifestations. This review aims to familiarize physicians with the clinical features, diagnosis and management of tinea pedis.

Methods: A search was conducted in April 2023 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key terms 'tinea pedis' OR 'athlete's foot'.

Roseola Infantum: An Updated Review.

Background: Roseola infantum is a common viral disease that occurs during childhood worldwide.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of roseola infantum.

Methods: A search was conducted in April, 2022, in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key terms "roseola infantum" OR "exanthem subitum" OR "sixth disease".

Drugs for paediatric hyperinflammatory syndromes.

Background: Many syndromes are associated with exaggerated inflammation. Children with hyperinflammatory syndromes often present with vague and non-specific symptoms that pose diagnostic and management challenges. The recent literature seems biased towards referring these syndromes only to the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) that is associated with COVID-19.

Xeroderma pigmentosum: an updated review.

Background: Early recognition of xeroderma pigmentosum is important to minimize the complications arising from the harmful effects of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. This narrative review aims to familiarize physicians with the clinical features, diagnosis and management of xeroderma pigmentosum.

Methods: A search was conducted in December 2021 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key term "xeroderma pigmentosum".

Dermatology: how to manage acne vulgaris.

Background: Acne vulgaris is the most common skin disease that can lead to disfigurement and psychological distress. This article aims to provide a narrative updated review on the management of acne vulgaris.

Methods: A PubMed search was performed with Clinical Queries using the key term "acne".

Hymenal Tags in Girls: Not to Be Mistaken for Sexual Abuse.

Although hymenal tags are not uncommon in newborn girls, there is a paucity of literature on this condition. Few photo images of hymenal tags have been published. We report the case of a four-month-old girl with a large hymenal tag noted at birth.

Therapeutics for paediatric oncological emergencies.

Background: With advancements in the field of oncology, cancer survival rates have improved dramatically but modern cancer treatments also come with an increasing number of disease and treatment-associated complications. This article provides an updated narrative review on the pathophysiology, clinical presentations and latest management strategies for common paediatric oncological emergencies.

Methods: An extensive PubMed search of all human studies in the English literature was performed in Clinical Queries for different oncology syndromes and conditions using the following Medical Subject Headings: "tumour lysis syndrome", "hyperleukocytosis", "disseminated intravascular coagulation", "superior mediastinal syndrome", "superior vena cava syndrome", "sepsis", "severe inflammatory response syndrome", "acute respiratory distress syndrome", "posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome" and "reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome".

Paediatrics: how to manage acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity amongst critically ill children. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide an up-to-date review on the evaluation and management of paediatric ARDS (PARDS).

Methods: A PubMed search was performed with Clinical Queries using the key term "acute respiratory distress syndrome".

Antidotes for childhood toxidromes.

Background: Poisoning causes significant morbidity and sometimes mortality in children worldwide. The clinical skill of toxidrome recognition followed by the timely administration of an antidote specific for the poison is essential for the management of children with suspected poisoning. This is a narrative review on antidotes for toxidromes in paediatric practice.

Paediatrics: how to manage septic shock.

Background: Septic shock is a common critical illness associated with high morbidity and mortality in children. This article provides an updated narrative review on the management of septic shock in paediatric practice.

Methods: A PubMed search was performed using the following Medical Subject Headings: "sepsis", "septic shock" and "systemic inflammatory response syndrome".

Paediatrics: how to manage functional constipation.

Background: Despite being a common problem in childhood, functional constipation is often difficult to manage. This article provides a narrative updated review on the evaluation, diagnosis and management of childhood functional constipation.

Methods: A PubMed search was performed with Clinical Queries using the key term 'functional constipation'.

Paediatrics: how to manage viral gastroenteritis.

Background: Viral gastroenteritis is the most common diarrhoeal disorder seen in general practice and emergency departments. This article aims to provide a narrative updated review on the evaluation and management of viral gastroenteritis in children.

Methods: A PubMed search was performed with Clinical Queries using the key term 'viral gastroenteritis'.

Autoimmune Encephalitis in Children: From Suspicion to Diagnosis.

There are several well-described and studied autoimmune diseases that affect different organ systems, and a limited number of these affect the central nervous system. Autoimmune encephalitis represents a disease with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and different levels of severity, from mild cognitive impairment to complex encephalopathy. Immune-mediated encephalitis refers to a diverse and rare group of conditions in children associated with nonspecific symptomatology, altered mental state, and recalcitrant seizures.

Acute bacterial sinusitis in children: an updated review.

Background: In the pediatric age group, approximately 7.5% of upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) are complicated by acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS). Despite its prevalence, ABS is often overlooked in young children.

Tinea corporis: an updated review.

Background: Tinea corporis is a common fungal infection that mimics many other annular lesions. Physicians must familiarize themselves with this condition and its treatment.

Objective: This article aimed to provide a narrative updated review on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of tinea corporis.

Hydroxychloroquine-induced hyperpigmentation in a 14-year-old female with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)-induced hyperpigmentation is uncommon but is increasingly recognized. To our knowledge, HCQ-induced hyperpigmentation has not been reported in the pediatric age group. Herein, we present the case of a 14-year-old girl with systemic lupus erythematosus, who developed hyperpigmentation on her shins and dorsum of the left foot, approximately 3 years after initiating treatment with HCQ.

Kawasaki disease in siblings and a review of drug treatment.

We have managed two anonymized siblings with Kawasaki disease (KD). The occurrence of KD in the elder brother alerted us to the occurrence of incomplete KD in the younger brother. Both siblings were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and a high dose of dipyridamole with resolution of the coronary artery aneurysm.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): latest developments in potential treatments.

Many viral respiratory infections can cause severe acute respiratory symptoms leading to mortality and morbidity. In the spring of 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak caused by SARS-CoV spread globally. In the summer of 2012, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak caused by MERS-CoV occurred in Saudi Arabia.

Tumor lysis syndrome in childhood malignancies.

Background: Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is the most common life-threatening oncological emergency encountered by physicians treating children with lymphoproliferative malignancies. Healthcare providers should be aware of the condition in order to prevent occurrence and prompt timely management to avoid severe consequences.

Objective: To provide an update on the current understanding, evaluation, and management of tumor lysis syndrome in childhood malignancies.

Motion sickness: an overview.

Background: Motion sickness is a common phenomenon that affects almost everybody at some point in their lifetime. Clinicians should be familiar with the proper management of this condition.

Objective: To provide an update on the current understanding of the pathophysiology and management of motion sickness.

Perspectives of ambulatory patients visiting the emergency department during the Christmas and New Year holiday period: Descriptive survey.

Objective: To assess the perceptions of ambulatory patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) of symptom acuity and access to care; the proportion of ambulatory patients who contacted their GPs before attending the ED; and patients' knowledge about whether their GPs provide after-hours or walk-in services.

Design: Descriptive survey and proportion test comparisons for data analysis.

Setting: Kingston, Ont.

Gastroesophageal reflux in children: an updated review.

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux is a common disorder in pediatrics. Clinicians should be familiar with the proper evaluation and management of this condition.

Objective: To provide an update on the current understanding, evaluation, and management of gastroesophageal reflux in children.