On the Arrival Time Distribution of Reacting Systems in Ion Mobility Spectrometry.

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a widely used gas-phase separation technique, particularly when coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). Modern IMS instruments often apply elevated reduced field strengths for improved ion separation and ion focusing. These alter the collision dynamics and further drive ion reaction processes that can change the analyte's structure.

Graphormer-IR: Graph Transformers Predict Experimental IR Spectra Using Highly Specialized Attention.

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is an important analytical tool in various chemical and forensic domains and a great deal of effort has gone into developing methods for predicting experimental spectra. A key challenge in this regard is generating highly accurate spectra quickly to enable real-time feedback between computation and experiment. Here, we employ Graphormer, a graph neural network (GNN) transformer, to predict IR spectra using only simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) strings.

Bridging the Gap between Differential Mobility, Log , and Log Using Machine Learning and SHAP Analysis.

Aqueous solubility, log , and the water-octanol partition coefficient, log , are physicochemical properties that are used to screen the viability of drug candidates and to estimate mass transport in the environment. In this work, differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) experiments performed in microsolvating environments are used to train machine learning (ML) frameworks that predict the log and log of various molecule classes. In lieu of a consistent source of experimentally measured log and log values, the OPERA package was used to evaluate the aqueous solubility and hydrophobicity of 333 analytes.

MobCal-MPI 2.0: an accurate and parallelized package for calculating field-dependent collision cross sections and ion mobilities.

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), which can be employed as either a stand-alone instrument or coupled to mass spectrometry, has become an important tool for analytical chemistry. Because of the direct relation between an ion's mobility and its structure, which is intrinsically related to its collision cross section (CCS), IMS techniques can be used in tandem with computational tools to elucidate ion geometric structure. Here, we present MobCal-MPI 2.

Chemical Transformations Can Occur during DMS Separations: Lessons Learned from Beer's Bittering Compounds.

While developing a DMS-based separation method for beer's bittering compounds, we observed that the argentinated forms of humulone tautomers (i.e., [Hum + Ag]) were partially resolvable in a N environment seeded with 1.

First-Principles Modeling of Preferential Solvation in Mixed-Modifier Differential Mobility Spectrometry.

Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) separates ions based on mobility differences between high and low electric field conditions. To enhance resolution, solvents such as water and acetonitrile are often used to modify the collision environment and take advantage of differing dynamic clustering behavior between analytes that coelute in hard-sphere environments (., N).

Validation of Field-Dependent Ion-Solvent Cluster Modeling via Direct Measurement of Cluster Size Distributions.

Ion mobility spectrometry is widely used in analytical chemistry, either as a stand-alone technique or coupled to mass spectrometry. Ions in the gas phase tend to form loosely bound clusters with surrounding solvent vapors, artificially increasing the collisional cross section and the mass of the ion. This, in turn, affects ion mobility and influences separation.

Kinetics in DMS: Modeling Clustering and Declustering Reactions.

Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) uses high-frequency oscillating electrical fields to harness the differential mobility of ions for separating complex sample mixtures prior to detection. To increase the resolving power, a dynamic microsolvation environment is often created by introducing solvent vapors. Here, relatively large clusters are formed at low-field conditions which then evaporate to form smaller clusters at high-field conditions.

Charging Effects in Inlet Capillaries.

Glass or metal inlet capillaries are commonly used for flow restriction in atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometers. They exhibit a high ion transmission rate and stability at most operating conditions. However, transferring unipolar currents of ions through inlet capillaries can lead to sudden signal dropouts or drifts of the signal intensity, particularly when materials of different conductivity are in contact with the capillary duct.

Improved First-Principles Model of Differential Mobility Using Higher Order Two-Temperature Theory.

Differential mobility spectrometry is a separation technique that may be applied to a variety of analytes ranging from small molecule drugs to peptides and proteins. Although rudimentary theoretical models of differential mobility exist, these models are often only applied to small molecules and atomic ions without considering the effects of dynamic microsolvation. Here, we advance our theoretical description of differential ion mobility in pure N and microsolvating environments by incorporating higher order corrections to two-temperature theory (2TT) and a pseudoequilibrium approach to describe ion-neutral interactions.

Protonation-Induced Chirality Drives Separation by Differential Ion Mobility Spectrometry.

Upon development of a workflow to analyze (±)-Verapamil and its metabolites using differential mobility spectrometry (DMS), we noticed that the ionogram of protonated Verapamil consisted of two peaks. This was inconsistent with its metabolites, as each exhibited only a single peak in the respective ionograms. The unique behaviour of Verapamil was attributed to protonation at its tertiary amino moiety, which generated a stereogenic quaternary amine.

UVPD spectroscopy of differential mobility-selected prototropic isomers of protonated adenine.

Two prototropic isomers of adenine are formed in an electrospray ion source and are resolved spatially in a differential mobility spectrometer before detection in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Each isomer is gated in CV space before being trapped in the linear ion trap of the modified mass spectrometer, where they are irradiated by the tuneable output of an optical parametric oscillator and undergo photodissociation to form charged fragments with / 119, 109, and 94. The photon-normalised intensity of each fragmentation channel is measured and the action spectra for each DMS-gated tautomer are obtained.

Productive Alkyne Metathesis with "Canopy Catalysts" Mandates Pseudorotation.

Molybdenum alkylidyne complexes of the "canopy catalyst" series define new standards in the field of alkyne metathesis. The tripodal ligand framework lowers the symmetry of the metallacyclobutadiene complex formed by [2 + 2] cycloaddition with the substrate and imposes constraints onto the productive [2 + 2] cycloreversion; pseudorotation corrects this handicap and makes catalytic turnover possible. A combined spectroscopic, crystallographic, and computational study provides insights into this unorthodox mechanism and uncovers the role that metallatetrahedrane complexes play in certain cases.

Experimental and theoretical study of the reactivity of a series of epoxides with chlorine atoms at 298 K.

Evaluating the reactivity of epoxides in the gas phase is very important due to their wide distribution in the atmosphere, potential health implications and atmospheric impact. The kinetic rate constants for the oxidation of epoxides have been very little studied until now. From the experimental data obtained in this work has been observed that there is an increase in reactivity towards chlorine atoms as a CH2 group is added to the hydrocarbon chain.

Charge Retention/Charge Depletion in ESI-MS: Theoretical Rationale.

Gas phase modification in ESI-MS can significantly alter the charge state distribution of small peptides and proteins. The preceding paper presented a systematic experimental study on this topic using Substance P and proposed a charge retention/charge depletion mechanism, explaining different gas- and liquid-phase modifications [Thinius et al. 2020, 10.

Charge Retention/Charge Depletion in ESI-MS: Experimental Evidence.

The effects of liquid and gas phase additives (chemical modifiers) on the ion signal distribution for Substance P (SP), recorded with a nanoelectrospray setup, are evaluated. Depletion of the higher charge state of Substance P ([SP+3H]) is observed with polar protic gas phase modifiers. This is attributed to their ability to form larger hydrogen-bonded clusters, whose proton affinity increases with cluster size.

Understanding Nontraditional Differential Mobility Behavior: A Case Study of the Tricarbastannatrane Cation, N(CHCHCH)Sn.

The effect of strong ion-solvent interactions on the differential mobility behavior of the tricarbastannatrane cation, N(CHCHCH)Sn, has been investigated. Exotic "type D" dispersion behavior, which is intermediate to the more common types C and A behavior, is observed for gaseous N environments that are seeded with acetone and acetonitrile vapor. Quantum chemical calculations and first-principles modeling show that under low-field conditions [N(CHCHCH)Sn + solvent] complexes containing a single solvent molecule survive the entire separation waveform duty cycle and interact weakly with the chemically modified environment.

Computational analysis of the proton-bound acetonitrile dimer, (ACN) H.

Rationale: In atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry the theoretical thermodynamic treatment of proton-bound cluster stabilities helps us to understand the prevailing chemical processes. However, such calculations are rather challenging because low-barrier internal rotations and strong anharmonicity of the hydrogen bonds cause the breakdown of the usually applied harmonic approximation. Even the implemented anharmonic treatment in standard ab initio software failed in the case of (ACN) H .

How Hot Are Your Ions in Differential Mobility Spectrometry?

Ions can experience significant field-induced heating in a differential mobility cell. To investigate this phenomenon, the fragmentation of several -substituted benzylpyridinium "thermometer" ions (R = OMe, Me, F, Cl, H, CN) was monitored in a commercial differential mobility spectrometer (DMS). The internal energy of each benzylpyridinium derivative was characterized by monitoring the degree of fragmentation to obtain an effective temperature, , which corresponds to a temperature consistent with treating the observed fragmentation ratio using a unimolecular dissociation rate weighted by a Boltzmann distribution at a temperature .

A First Principle Model of Differential Ion Mobility: the Effect of Ion-Solvent Clustering.

The use of differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) as a separation tool prior to mass analysis has increased in popularity over the years. However, the fundamental principles behind the difference between high- and low-field mobility is still a matter of debate-especially regarding the strong impact of solvent molecules added to the gas phase in chemically modified DMS environments. In this contribution, we aim to present a thorough model for the determination of the ion mobility over a wide range of field strengths and subsequent calculation of DMS dispersion plots.

Pathways in the Degradation of Geminal Diazides.

The degradation of geminal diazides is described. We show that diazido acetates are converted into tetrazoles through the treatment with bases. The reaction of dichloro ketones with azide anions provides acyl azides, through in situ formation of diazido ketones.

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Between Halogenated Benzene Dopants and Nucleophiles in Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization.

In a preceding work with dopant assisted-atmospheric pressure photoionization (DA-APPI), an abundant ion at [M + 77](+) was observed in the spectra of pyridine and quinoline with chlorobenzene dopant. This contribution aims to reveal the identity and route of formation of this species, and to systematically investigate structurally related analytes and dopants. Compounds containing N-, O-, and S-lone pairs were investigated with APPI in the presence of fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodobenzene dopants.