Evidence for Glucagon Secretion and Function Within the Human Gut.

Glucagon is secreted by pancreatic α cells in response to hypoglycemia and increases hepatic glucose output through hepatic glucagon receptors (GCGRs). There is evidence supporting the notion of extrapancreatic glucagon but its source and physiological functions remain elusive. Intestinal tissue samples were obtained from patients undergoing surgical resection of cancer.

Lymphoma Driver Mutations in the Pathogenic Evolution of an Iconic Human Autoantibody.

Pathogenic autoantibodies arise in many autoimmune diseases, but it is not understood how the cells making them evade immune checkpoints. Here, single-cell multi-omics analysis demonstrates a shared mechanism with lymphoid malignancy in the formation of public rheumatoid factor autoantibodies responsible for mixed cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. By combining single-cell DNA and RNA sequencing with serum antibody peptide sequencing and antibody synthesis, rare circulating B lymphocytes making pathogenic autoantibodies were found to comprise clonal trees accumulating mutations.

Proteomic analysis reveals downregulation of housekeeping proteins in the diabetic vascular proteome.

Aims: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases the risk of death associated with cardiovascular complications. However, a complete understanding of protein changes within the diabetic vasculature is still lacking.

Methods: Herein, we utilized mass spectrometry to perform vascular and urinary proteome analysis using a rat model of high-fat feeding and low-dose streptozotocin to simulate late-stage T2D.