Cytogenetic and molecular identification of novel wheat- addition lines with resistance to leaf rust and the presence of leaf pubescence trait.

Introduction: Emerging new races of leaf rust ( Eriks) are threatening global wheat ( L.) production. Identifying additional resistance genes from all available gene pools is crucial to expanding wheat resistance to these virulent leaf rust races.

H3K4me3 changes occur in cell wall genes during the development of morphogenic and non-morphogenic calli.

Epigenetic changes accompany the dynamic changes in the cell wall composition during the development of callus cells. H3K4me3 is responsible for active gene expression and reaction to environmental cues. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful technique for studying the interplay between epigenetic modifications and the DNA regions of interest.

DNA methylation analysis of floral parts revealed dynamic changes during the development of homostylous Fagopyrum tataricum and heterostylous F. esculentum flowers.

Background: Proper flower development is essential for plant reproduction, a crucial aspect of the plant life cycle. This process involves precisely coordinating transcription factors, enzymes, and epigenetic modifications. DNA methylation, a ubiquitous and heritable epigenetic mechanism, is pivotal in regulating gene expression and shaping chromatin structure.

Efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and genome editing of .

(L.) Gaertn. is an exceptional crop known for its remarkable health benefits, high levels of beneficial polyphenols and gluten-free properties, making it highly sought-after as a functional food.

Promotive effect of phytosulfokine - peptide growth factor - on protoplast cultures development in Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.

Background: Fagopyrum tataricum (Tartary buckwheat) is a valuable crop of great nutritional importance due to its high level of bioactive compounds. Excellent opportunities to obtain plants with the high level or the desired profile of valuable metabolites may be provided by in vitro cultures. Among known in vitro techniques, protoplast technology is an exciting tool for genetic manipulation to improve crop traits.

The Chromosome Number and rDNA Loci Evolution in (Fabaceae).

The evolution of chromosome number and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci number and localisation were studied in Mill. Diploid and tetraploid species, as well as two basic chromosome numbers, = 7 and = 8, were observed among analysed taxa. The chromosomal distribution of rDNA loci was presented here for the first time using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with 5S and 35S rDNA probes.

Buckwheat in Tissue Culture Research: Current Status and Future Perspectives.

Buckwheat is a member of a genus of 23 species, where the two most common species are (common buckwheat) and (Tartary buckwheat). This pseudocereal is a source of micro and macro nutrients, such as gluten-free proteins and amino acids, fatty acids, bioactive compounds, dietary fibre, fagopyrins, vitamins and minerals. It is gaining increasing attention due to its health-promoting properties.

Plant Cell and Organism Development 2.0.

In the editorial summarising the first edition of the Special Issue on "Plant Cell and Organism Development", we listed the key features that make plants a unique and fascinating group of living organisms [...

3,4-Dehydro-L-proline Induces Programmed Cell Death in the Roots of .

As cell wall proteins, the hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) take part in plant growth and various developmental processes. To fulfil their functions, HRGPs, extensins (EXTs) in particular, undergo the hydroxylation of proline by the prolyl-4-hydroxylases. The activity of these enzymes can be inhibited with 3,4-dehydro-L-proline (3,4-DHP), which enables its application to reveal the functions of the HRGPs.

Changes in the Cell Wall Proteome of Leaves in Response to High Temperature Stress in .

High temperature stress leads to complex changes to plant functionality, which affects, i.a., the cell wall structure and the cell wall protein composition.

Plant Cell and Organism Development.

Plants represent a unique and fascinating group of living organisms [...

From Single Cell to Plants: Mesophyll Protoplasts as a Versatile System for Investigating Plant Cell Reprogramming.

Plants are sessile organisms that have a remarkable developmental plasticity, which ensures their optimal adaptation to environmental stresses. Plant cell totipotency is an extreme example of such plasticity, whereby somatic cells have the potential to form plants via direct shoot organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis in response to various exogenous and/or endogenous signals. Protoplasts provide one of the most suitable systems for investigating molecular mechanisms of totipotency, because they are effectively single cell populations.

A CRISPR/Cas9-Based Mutagenesis Protocol for and Its Allopolyploid Relative, .

The CRISPR/Cas9 system enables precise genome editing and is a useful tool for functional genomic studies. Here we report a detailed protocol for targeted genome editing in the model grass and its allotetraploid relative , describing gRNA design, a transient protoplast assay to test gRNA efficiency, -mediated transformation and the selection and analysis of regenerated plants. In , we targeted the gene encoding phytoene desaturase (PDS), which is a crucial enzyme in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway.

CDKG1 Is Required for Meiotic and Somatic Recombination Intermediate Processing in Arabidopsis.

The Arabidopsis () cyclin-dependent kinase G1 (CDKG1) is necessary for recombination and synapsis during male meiosis at high ambient temperature. In the mutant, synapsis is impaired and there is a dramatic reduction in the number of class I crossovers, resulting in univalents at metaphase I and pollen sterility. Here, we demonstrate that CDKG1 is necessary for the processing of recombination intermediates in the canonical ZMM recombination pathway and that loss of CDKG1 results in increased class II crossovers.

Comparatively Barcoded Chromosomes of Perennials Tell the Story of Their Karyotype Structure and Evolution.

The genus is an informative model system for studying grass karyotype organization. Previous studies of a limited number of species and reference chromosomes have not provided a comprehensive picture of the enigmatic phylogenetic relationships in the genus. Comparative chromosome barcoding, which enables the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of individual chromosomes and their segments, allowed us to infer the relationships between putative ancestral karyotypes of extinct species and extant karyotypes of current species.

Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins as Markers of Temperature Stress in the Leaves of .

Plants frequently encounter diverse abiotic stresses, one of which is environmental thermal stress. To cope with these stresses, plants have developed a range of mechanisms, including altering the cell wall architecture, which is facilitated by the arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) and extensins (EXT). In order to characterise the localisation of the epitopes of the AGP and EXT, which are induced by the stress connected with a low (4 °C) or a high (40 °C) temperature, in the leaves of , we performed immunohistochemical analyses using the antibodies that bind to selected AGP (JIM8, JIM13, JIM16, LM2 and MAC207), pectin/AGP (LM6) as well as EXT (JIM11, JIM12 and JIM20).

Defining the Genetic Basis of Plant⁻Endophytic Bacteria Interactions.

Endophytic bacteria, which interact closely with their host, are an essential part of the plant microbiome. These interactions enhance plant tolerance to environmental changes as well as promote plant growth, thus they have become attractive targets for increasing crop production. Numerous studies have aimed to characterise how endophytic bacteria infect and colonise their hosts as well as conferring important traits to the plant.

Cell Wall Epitopes and Endoploidy as Reporters of Embryogenic Potential in Callus Culture.

Effective regeneration of callus tissue into embryos and then into whole plants is essential for plant biotechnology. The embryonic potential is often low and can further decrease with time in culture, which limits the utilisation of calli for transformation procedures and in vitro propagation. In this study, we show that the loss of embryogenic potential in callus cultures of is progressive over time.

Ribosomal DNA loci derived from Brachypodium stacei are switched off for major parts of the life cycle of Brachypodium hybridum.

Nucleolar dominance is an epigenetic phenomenon that occurs in some plant and animal allopolyploids and hybrids, whereby only one ancestral set of 35S rRNA genes retains the ability to form the nucleolus while the rDNA loci derived from the other progenitor are transcriptionally silenced. There is substantial evidence that nucleolar dominance is regulated developmentally. This study focuses upon the establishment and/or maintenance of nucleolar dominance during different stages of development in the model grass allotetraploid Brachypodium hybridum.

Germination and the Early Stages of Seedling Development in Brachypodium distachyon.

Successful germination and seedling development are crucial steps in the growth of a new plant. In this study, we investigated the course of the cell cycle during germination in relation to grain hydration in the model grass (Brachypodium) for the first time. Flow cytometry was performed to monitor the cell cycle progression during germination and to estimate DNA content in embryo tissues.

5-Azacitidine Induces Cell Death in a Tissue Culture of .

Morphological and histological observations revealed that, at a concentration of 50 µM, 5-azacitidine (5-azaC) totally inhibited the induction of embryogenic masses (EM), while the cultivation of explants (zygotic embryos; ZEs) in the presence of 5 µM of 5-azaC led to the formation of a callus with EM in 10% of the cases. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyzes revealed the presence of the morphological and ultrastructural features that are typical for the vacuolar type of cell death in the callus cells that were treated. A TUNEL assay confirmed the presence of DNA double-strand breaks for the callus cells that had been treated with both 5 and 50 µM 5-azaC concentrations.

Chromosome identification and reconstruction of evolutionary rearrangements in Brachypodium distachyon, B. stacei and B. hybridum.

Background And Aims: The Brachypodium genus represents a useful model system to study grass genome organization. Palaeogenomic analyses (e.g.

Organ and Tissue-Specific Localisation of Selected Cell Wall Epitopes in the Zygotic Embryo of .

The plant cell wall shows a great diversity regarding its chemical composition, which may vary significantly even during different developmental stages. In this study, we analysed the distribution of several cell wall epitopes in embryos of (Brachypodium). We also described the variations in the nucleus shape and the number of nucleoli that occurred in some embryo cells.