Mechanical vibration patterns elicit behavioral transitions and habituation in crawling larvae.

How animals respond to repeatedly applied stimuli, and how animals respond to mechanical stimuli in particular, are important questions in behavioral neuroscience. We study adaptation to repeated mechanical agitation using the larva. Vertical vibration stimuli elicit a discrete set of responses in crawling larvae: continuation, pause, turn, and reversal.

Monitoring electron energies during FLASH irradiations.

When relativistic electrons are used to irradiate tissues, such as during FLASH pre-clinical irradiations, the electron beam energy is one of the critical parameters that determine the dose distribution. Moreover, during such irradiations, linear accelerators (linacs) usually operate with significant beam loading, where a small change in the accelerator output current can lead to beam energy reduction. Optimisation of the tuning of the accelerator's radio frequency system is often required.

N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N-[(triethylenediammonium)sulfonyl]azanide: a convenient sulfamoylation reagent for alcohols.

A convenient and efficient procedure is described for the sulfamoylation of alcohols using N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N-[(triethylenediammonium)sulfonyl]azanide (1). The ambient temperature stable reagent 1 reacts with phenols as well as primary and secondary alcohols to give high to modest yields. The relative reaction rate of substrates was determined (primary > phenol > secondary ≫ tertiary).