Momentum-Space Observation of Optically Excited Nonthermal Electrons in Graphene with Persistent Pseudospin Polarization.

The unique optical properties of graphene, with broadband absorption and ultrafast response, make it a critical component of optoelectronic and spintronic devices. Using time-resolved momentum microscopy with high data rate and high dynamic range, we report momentum-space measurements of electrons promoted to the graphene conduction band with visible light and their subsequent relaxation. We observe a pronounced nonthermal distribution of nascent photoexcited electrons with lattice pseudospin polarization in remarkable agreement with results of simple tight-binding theory.

Androgen effects on mesoprefrontal dopamine systems in the adult male brain.

Epidemiological data show that males are more often and/or more severely affected by symptoms of prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and other disorders in which dopamine circuits associated with the prefrontal cortex are dysregulated. This review focuses on research showing that these dopamine circuits are powerfully regulated by androgens. It begins with a brief overview of the sex differences that distinguish prefrontal function in health and prefrontal dysfunction or decline in aging and/or neuropsychiatric disease.

Heterogeneity and chimerism of endothelial cells revealed by single-cell transcriptome in orthotopic liver tumors.

The liver is a common host organ for cancer, either through lesions that arise in liver epithelial cells [e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)] or as a site of metastasis by tumors arising in other organs (e.

Sustained interleukin-10 delivery reduces inflammation and improves motor function after spinal cord injury.

Background: The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been explored previously as a treatment method for spinal cord injury (SCI) due to its ability to attenuate pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce apoptosis. Primary limitations when using systemic injections of IL-10 are that it is rapidly cleared from the injury site and that it does not cross the blood-spinal cord barrier.

Objective: Here, mineral-coated microparticles (MCMs) were used to obtain a local sustained delivery of IL-10 directly into the injury site after SCI.

Single-Cell Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Endothelial Cell Heterogeneity in Tumors and Changes following Antiangiogenic Treatment.

Angiogenesis involves dynamic interactions between specialized endothelial tip and stalk cells that are believed to be regulated in part by VEGF and Dll4-Notch signaling. However, our understanding of this process is hampered by limited knowledge of the heterogeneity of endothelial cells and the role of different signaling pathways in specifying endothelial phenotypes. Here, we characterized by single-cell transcriptomics the heterogeneity of mouse endothelial cells and other stromal cells during active angiogenesis in xenograft tumors as well as from adult normal heart, following pharmacologic inhibition of VEGF and Dll4-Notch signaling.

Resistance to Anti-VEGF Therapy Mediated by Autocrine IL6/STAT3 Signaling and Overcome by IL6 Blockade.

Anti-VEGF therapies benefit several cancer types, but drug resistance that limits therapeutic response can emerge. We generated cell lines from anti-VEGF-resistant tumor xenografts to investigate the mechanisms by which resistance develops. Of all tumor cells tested, only A431 (A431-V) epidermoid carcinoma cells developed partial resistance to the VEGF inhibitor aflibercept.

Carrier generation in multicomponent wide-bandgap oxides: InGaZnO4.

To exploit the full potential of multicomponent wide-bandgap oxides, an in-depth understanding of the complex defect chemistry and of the role played by the constituent oxides is required. In this work, thorough theoretical and experimental investigations are combined in order to explain the carrier generation and transport in crystalline InGaZnO4. Using first-principles density functional approach, we calculate the formation energies and transition levels of possible acceptor and donor point defects as well as the implied defect complexes in InGaZnO4 and determine the equilibrium defect and electron densities as a function of growth temperature and oxygen partial pressure.

Rapid decrease in tumor perfusion following VEGF blockade predicts long-term tumor growth inhibition in preclinical tumor models.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key upstream mediator of tumor angiogenesis, and blockade of VEGF can inhibit tumor angiogenesis and decrease tumor growth. However, not all tumors respond well to anti-VEGF therapy. Despite much effort, identification of early response biomarkers that correlate with long-term efficacy of anti-VEGF therapy has been difficult.

Angiopoietin-2 functions as a Tie2 agonist in tumor models, where it limits the effects of VEGF inhibition.

The angiopoietins Ang1 (ANGPT1) and Ang2 (ANGPT2) are secreted factors that bind to the endothelial cell-specific receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2 (TEK) and regulate angiogenesis. Ang1 activates Tie2 to promote blood vessel maturation and stabilization. In contrast, Ang2, which is highly expressed by tumor endothelial cells, is thought to inhibit Tie2 activity and destabilize blood vessels, thereby facilitating VEGF-dependent vessel growth.