Violence against pregnant women and adverse maternal/ fetal outcomes in the United States: racial/ethnic disparities.

Violence against women is relatively common, and violence during pregnancy is of special concern due to potential risk of maternal and neonatal complications. Previous studies using diagnostic codes to determine prevalence and health outcomes of violence against women used ICD-9 data and lack a standard of consistency. Data from the 2002 to 2018 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was used to analyze pregnancy-related hospitalizations of women aged 15-49 years.