Medical Treatment of Vascular Anomalies.

The treatment of vascular malformations and vascular anomalies is often complex, combining various approaches in the art of medicine to provide best outcomes and quality of life for these patients. Treatment may include but is not limited to the following: local control with compression garments and attire, pain control, surgical procedures and debulking, laser therapy, sclerotherapy, and medical management. In this article, the authors discuss the aspects of medical management, visiting the history of medical treatment, and the recent utilization and success of enzymatic pathway inhibitors, specifically sirolimus and new therapies that hold promise for the future for these patients.

The role of the adaptive immune system and T cell dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.

The adaptive immune system and associated inflammation are vital in surveillance and host protection against internal and external threats, but can secondarily damage host tissues. The central nervous system is immune-privileged and largely protected from the circulating inflammatory pathways. However, T cell involvement and the disruption of the blood-brain barriers have been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis.