Augmenting glutamatergic, but not dopaminergic, activity in the nucleus accumbens shell disrupts responding to a discrete alcohol cue in an alcohol context.

Discrete alcohol cues and contexts are relapse triggers for people with alcohol use disorder exerting particularly powerful control over behaviour when they co-occur. Here, we investigated the neural substrates subserving the capacity for alcohol-associated contexts to elevate responding to an alcohol-predictive conditioned stimulus (CS). Specifically, rats were trained in a distinct 'alcohol context' to respond by entering a fluid port during a discrete auditory CS that predicted the delivery of alcohol and were familiarized with a 'neutral context' wherein alcohol was never available.

Evaluation of a Pharmacist-Led COVID-19 Vaccination Program in a Hospital Setting.

A pharmacist-led COVID-19 vaccination screening and administration tool was implemented at a tertiary care hospital in the Upper Midwest, allowing pharmacists to determine if an inpatient is a candidate for the COVID-19 vaccination. The purpose of this observational study was to examine the feasibility of a pharmacist-led, COVID-19 vaccination administration workflow to the inpatient population in a tertiary care hospital. This observational study was conducted at an Upper-Midwest facility and includes a study population of adult patients admitted to the hospital between 10/1/2021 - 1/1/2022.

Context-induced renewal of passive but not active coping behaviours in the shock-probe defensive burying task.

Renewal is the return of extinguished responding after removal from the extinction context. Renewal has been extensively studied using classical aversive conditioning procedures that measure a passive freezing response to an aversive conditioned stimulus. However, coping responses to aversive stimuli are complex and can be reflected in passive and active behaviours.

Neural correlates of recall and extinction in a rat model of appetitive Pavlovian conditioning.

Extinction is a fundamental form of inhibitory learning that is important for adapting to changing environmental contingencies. While numerous studies have investigated the neural correlates of extinction using Pavlovian fear conditioning and appetitive operant reward-seeking procedures, less is known about the neural circuitry mediating the extinction of appetitive Pavlovian responding. Here, we aimed to generate an extensive brain activation map of extinction learning in a rat model of appetitive Pavlovian conditioning.

Optogenetic stimulation of infralimbic cortex projections to the paraventricular thalamus attenuates context-induced renewal.

Contexts associated with prior reinforcement can renew extinguished conditioned responding. The prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) cortices are thought to mediate the expression and suppression of conditioned responding, respectively. Evidence suggests that PL inputs to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) drive the expression of cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking and that IL inputs to the PVT mediate fear extinction retrieval.

Learning processes in relapse to alcohol use: lessons from animal models.

Rationale: Alcohol use is reliably preceded by discrete and contextual stimuli which, through diverse learning processes, acquire the capacity to promote alcohol use and relapse to alcohol use.

Objective: We review contemporary extinction, renewal, reinstatement, occasion setting, and sex differences research within a conditioning framework of relapse to alcohol use to inform the development of behavioural and pharmacological therapies.

Key Findings: Diverse learning processes and corresponding neurobiological substrates contribute to relapse to alcohol use.

Comparing ABA, AAB, and ABC Renewal of Appetitive Pavlovian Conditioned Responding in Alcohol- and Sucrose-Trained Male Rats.

Conditioned responding can be renewed by re-exposure to the conditioning context following extinction in a different context (ABA renewal) or by removal from the extinction context (AAB or ABC renewal). ABA renewal is robust in Pavlovian and operant conditioning paradigms. However, fewer studies have investigated AAB and ABC renewal of appetitive conditioning, and those that did predominantly used operant conditioning tasks.

6'-Methoxy Raloxifene-analog enhances mouse bone properties with reduced estrogen receptor binding.

Raloxifene (RAL) is an FDA-approved drug used to treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. RAL suppresses bone loss primarily through its role as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). This hormonal estrogen therapy promotes unintended side effects, such as hot flashes and increased thrombosis risk, and prevents the drug from being used in some patient populations at-risk for fracture, including children with bone disorders.

Open source electronic health records and chronic disease management.

Objective: To study and report on the use of open source electronic health records (EHR) to assist with chronic care management within safety net medical settings, such as community health centers (CHC).

Methods And Materials: The study was conducted by NORC at the University of Chicago from April to September 2010. The NORC team undertook a comprehensive environmental scan, including a literature review, a dozen key informant interviews using a semistructured protocol, and a series of site visits to CHC that currently use an open source EHR.

The use of open source electronic health records within the federal safety net.

Objective: To conduct a federally funded study that examines the acquisition, implementation and operation of open source electronic health records (EHR) within safety net medical settings, such as federally qualified health centers (FQHC).

Methods And Materials: The study was conducted by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago from April to September 2010. The NORC team undertook a comprehensive environmental scan, including a literature review, a dozen key informant interviews using a semistructured protocol, and a series of site visits to West Virginia, California and Arizona FQHC that were currently using an open source EHR.

Governance typology: a consensus classification of state-local health department relationships.

Context: Public health practitioners and researchers often refer to state public health systems as being centralized, decentralized, shared, or mixed. These categories refer to governance of the local public health units within the state and whether they operate under the authority of the state government, local government, shared state and local governance, or a mix of governance structures within the state.

Objective: This article describes the development of an objective method of classifying states as centralized, decentralized, shared, or mixed.

Dyspnoea and pulmonary consolidation in a cat with T-cell lymphoma.

A 13-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat presented with an acute onset of dyspnoea. Thoracic radiographs revealed marked, bilateral, caudal lung lobe consolidation. A diagnosis of anatomically mixed T-cell lymphoma with pulmonary, renal and alimentary involvement was confirmed on histopathology.