Contribution of systemic factors on macular vessel density: a sex-specific population-based study.

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of systemic factors on macular vessel density in quantitative Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) by sex.

Study Design: A cross-sectional study.

Methods: A total of 2018 adults were recruited in this study.

The association between altered intestinal microbiome, impaired systemic and ocular surface immunity, and impaired wound healing response after corneal alkaline-chemical injury in diabetic mice.

Purpose: We aim to investigate the effect of sustained hyperglycemia on corneal epithelial wound healing, ocular surface and systemic immune response, and microbiome indices in diabetic mice compared to controls after alkaline chemical injury of the eye.

Methods: Corneal alkaline injury was induced in the right eye of Ins2 (Akita) mice and wild-type mice. The groups were observed at baseline and subsequently days 0, 3, and 7 after injury.

Association between functional status and ocular surface disease among local elderly population in Hong Kong.

: To evaluate the correlation between ocular surface disease (OSD) and functional status among elderly population over 60 years old in Hong Kong.: Chinese subjects above 60 years old were recruited from the Ophthalmology clinic in Hong Kong West Cluster. Subjects demographic and questionnaires to evaluate the functional status were used to correlate with OSD objectively with clinical examination to assess the meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), corneal staining, Schirmer's test and tear break-up time (TBUT); and subjectively with ocular surface disease index (OSDI).

Polysaccharide Suppresses Expression of Fibrotic Proteins in Primary Human Corneal Fibroblasts.

(1) Objective: To study the anti-fibrotic effects of polysaccharides (LBP) on corneal stromal fibroblasts and assess LBP's effect on cell viability. (2) Methods: Primary human corneal keratocytes of passage 3 to 6 were used for all experiments. Cells are pretreated with LBP solution for 24 h and then transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) for 48 h and collected for experiments.

Randomized Control Trial on the Effectiveness of Collagen Cross-linking on Bullous Keratopathy.

Purpose: To investigate the long-term effect and safety of collagen cross-linking (CXL) on patients with bullous keratopathy (BK) in a randomized control manner. It is, to our knowledge, the first randomized control study on the effect of CXL on BK.

Methods: Subjects were randomized to receive CXL as in the standard protocol for treating keratoconus or a placebo treatment.

Sociodemographic, behavioral, and medical risk factors associated with visual impairment among older adults: a community-based pilot survey in Southern District of Hong Kong.

Background: The last visual survey of older adults in Hong Kong was a district-level study in 2002, with no assessment of behavioral and medical risk factors for visual impairment (VI). Our objectives were to determine the latest VI prevalence among older adults, significance of any spatial and temporal differences on the prevalence, and any associations of sociodemographic, behavioral and medical risk factors with VI from a multi-perspective analysis.

Methods: Community-based pilot survey of residents from a suburb of Hong Kong, aged ≥50, using a standardized questionnaire, was conducted in 2016.

The Differential Expression of Cytokines and Growth Factors After SMILE Compared With FS-LASIK in Rabbits.

Purpose: To investigate the differential expression of cytokines and growth factors in the cornea and aqueous humor after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) compared with femtosecond LASIK (FS-LASIK) using rabbit model.

Methods: Sixteen eyes of 16 rabbits in each group underwent SMILE or FS-LASIK with refractive correction of -6.00 DS/-1.

Prevalence and associations of myopia in Hong Kong primary school students.

Purpose: To examine the prevalence of myopia in primary school children in Hong Kong, and the risk factors for myopia development.

Study Design: A cross-sectional study.

Methods: Subjective refraction and axial length were measured in all participants.

A Review on Evidence-Based Treatments for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.

Objectives: To evaluate recent studies on available therapies for meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).

Methods: A literature search on recent publications, within the last five years, concerning treatment options for MGD was performed.

Results: A total of 35 articles were reviewed after curation by the authors for relevance.

Factors Associated with Poor Eye Drop Administration Technique and the Role of Patient Education among Hong Kong Elderly Population.

Objectives: To identify the risk factors for poor eye drop application technique in treatment-naïve subjects and to assess if patient education can benefit these subjects.

Methods: Chinese subjects above 60 years were recruited. Questionnaires, including Barthel index; Lawton's instrumental activities of daily living (ADL); Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses, and Loss of Weight (FRAIL) scale; and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), were used to correlate with eye drop application technique (before and after patient education) using Spearman correlation analysis.

Real-Time Intraocular Pressure Measurements in the Vitreous Chamber of Rabbit Eyes During Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE).

Purpose: To investigate real-time intraocular pressure (IOP) during small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in rabbit eyes for myopia correction.

Methods: During SMILE, real-time IOP was measured in the vitreous cavity of rabbit eyes with an optic fiber pressure sensor (OFPS). Two groups (n = 6 for each) underwent surgery, one group for a -2.

Association of long-term glycaemic control on tear break-up times and dry eye symptoms in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.

Importance: Diabetes mellitus is known to be associated with dry eye syndrome (DES), but the effects of long-term glycaemic control on tear film metrics and dry eye symptoms are not known in the Chinese population.

Background: To evaluate tear film stability and dry eye symptoms and their associations with systemic risk factors in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Design: Cross-sectional study set at the Lo Fong Siu Po Eye Centre (Grantham Hospital), Hong Kong.

Physical exercise and glaucoma: a review on the roles of physical exercise on intraocular pressure control, ocular blood flow regulation, neuroprotection and glaucoma-related mental health.

The benefits of physical exercise on health and well-being have been studied in a wide range of systemic and ocular diseases, including glaucoma, a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by accelerated apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and insufficient ocular perfusion have been postulated to be the two main theories in glaucoma development and progression. The effects of exercise in these two aspects have been demonstrated by numerous researches.

Clinical characteristics of optic neuritis in Hong Kong population: 10-year review.

Purpose: To review the clinical course of adult patients with acute optic neuritis over 10 years in Hong Kong, and the results were compared with other studies among Asian and Caucasian patients.

Methods: This study retrospectively analysed the clinical features of 38 adult patients (51 eyes) presented with optic neuritis in a Hong Kong hospital over 10 years (2001-2010).

Results: Optic neuritis had a female predominance (68%).

Intracameral cefuroxime in the prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis: an experience from Hong Kong.

Purpose: The purpose was to study the effect of introducing intracameral cefuroxime, which was compounded by a hospital pharmacy, on postoperative endophthalmitis in a tertiary eye centre in Hong Kong.

Methods: All cases that underwent cataract surgeries over a 12-year period (January 2004 to December 2015) were included. The routine use of intracameral cefuroxime at the end of cataract surgery was introduced at our centre after April 2010.

Use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in the management of pterygium.

The rising success of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies in ocular disease has stimulated the use of such treatments in the surgical management of pterygium. We reviewed the literature to better understand the safety and efficacy of the adjunctive role of anti-VEGF treatments for pterygium excision. Without surgery, anti-VEGF alone may favourably alter symptoms and vascularity, but does not cause pterygium regression.

Age-Related True Exfoliation of the Lens Capsule: Phacoemulsification Surgery Results.

Historically associated with glassblowers, true exfoliation of the crystalline lens involves a splitting or delamination of the capsule. We reviewed the phacoemulsification records of a single surgeon for patients with true exfoliation of the lens capsule. The incidence in our series was 2.

Collagen crosslinking in the management of leaking cystic blebs: a prospective study.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of collagen crosslinking for leaking cystic blebs.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted on subjects with cystic bleb leaks without indications for urgent surgical intervention. Collagen crosslinking with riboflavin 0.

Use of Atropine for Prevention of Childhood Myopia Progression in Clinical Practice.

Objective: The most effective strategy to reduce myopia-related complications is to prevent myopia progression during childhood. This review article examines the latest published evidence on the use of atropine in childhood myopia control and discusses practical aspects of applying the findings to clinical practice. Future directions including possible forms of combination therapy are examined.

Predisposing Factors, Microbial Characteristics, and Clinical Outcome of Microbial Keratitis in a Tertiary Centre in Hong Kong: A 10-Year Experience.

Purpose. To study the risk factors, microbial profile, antibiotic susceptibility pattern, and outcome for microbial keratitis over the past 10 years in a tertiary center in Hong Kong. Methods.

Conventional versus accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking in the treatment of keratoconus.

Background: This study aims to compare the effect of conventional corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) with accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking in treatment of keratoconus.

Design: A comparative interventional study was employed.

Participants: Participants were consecutive cases of progressive keratoconus receiving either conventional (3 mW/cm(2) irradiance for 30 min) or accelerated CXL (9 mW/cm(2) irradiance for 10 min).