Population genetic structure and predominance of cyclical parthenogenesis in the bird cherry-oat aphid in England.

Genetic diversity is the determinant for pest species' success and vector competence. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that determine the genetic diversity is fundamental to help identify the spatial scale at which pest populations are best managed. In the present study, we present the first comprehensive analysis of the genetic diversity and evolution of , a major pest of cereals and a main vector of the barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), in England.

Levels of rhizome endophytic fungi fluctuate in var. s as plants age.

var. s is an important medicinal plant with abundant saponins that are widely used in the pharmaceuticals industry. It is unclear why the levels of active ingredients increase as these plants age.