Conversational repairs on Reddit: Widely initiated but often uncompleted.

Conversational repair has been proposed as a universal system for maintaining mutual understanding during social interactions. The repair system has been studied extensively in offline synchronous interactions (e.g.

The ammonia oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas eutropha blocks T helper 2 cell polarization via the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.

The prevalence of atopic diseases has been steadily increasing since the mid twentieth century, a rise that has been linked to modern hygienic lifestyles that limit exposure to microbes and immune system maturation. Overactive type 2 CD4+ helper T (Th2) cells are known to be closely associated with atopy and represent a key target for treatment. In this study, we present an initial characterization of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) Nitrosomonas eutropha D23, an environmental microbe that is not associated with human pathology, and show AOB effectively suppress the polarization of Th2 cells and production of Th2-associated cytokines (IL-5, IL-13, and IL-4) by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).

3-D printed polyvinyl alcohol matrix for detection of airborne pathogens in respiratory bacterial infections.

Novel sampling matrices were manufactured using 3D printing for the detection of respiratory pathogens in expired air. A specific configuration of the matrices was designed using Computer-Aided Design software. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was printed using fused deposition modelling to create a multilayer matrix to enhance the capture of bacteria.

Cholinergic control of gamma power in the midbrain spatial attention network.

The modulation of gamma power (25-90 Hz) is associated with attention and has been observed across species and brain areas. However, mechanisms that control these modulations are poorly understood. The midbrain spatial attention network in birds generates high-amplitude gamma oscillations in the local field potential that are thought to represent the highest priority location for attention.

Parallel midbrain microcircuits perform independent temporal transformations.

The capacity to select the most important information and suppress distracting information is crucial for survival. The midbrain contains a network critical for the selection of the strongest stimulus for gaze and attention. In avians, the optic tectum (OT; called the superior colliculus in mammals) and the GABAergic nucleus isthmi pars magnocellularis (Imc) cooperate in the selection process.

Spatially reciprocal inhibition of inhibition within a stimulus selection network in the avian midbrain.

Reciprocal inhibition between inhibitory projection neurons has been proposed as the most efficient circuit motif to achieve the flexible selection of one stimulus among competing alternatives. However, whether such a motif exists in networks that mediate selection is unclear. Here, we study the connectivity within the nucleus isthmi pars magnocellularis (Imc), a GABAergic nucleus that mediates competitive selection in the midbrain stimulus selection network.

Gamma oscillations are generated locally in an attention-related midbrain network.

Gamma-band (25-140 Hz) oscillations are a hallmark of sensory processing in the forebrain. The optic tectum (OT), a midbrain structure implicated in sensorimotor processing and attention, also exhibits gamma oscillations. However, the origin and mechanisms of these oscillations remain unknown.

High resolution imaging of latent fingerprints by localized corrosion on brass surfaces.

The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is capable of imaging fingerprint ridges on polished brass substrates at an unprecedented level of detail. While exposure to elevated humidity at ambient or slightly raised temperatures does not change the image appreciably, subsequent brief heating in a flame results in complete loss of the sweat deposit and the appearance of pits and trenches. Localized elemental analysis (using EDAX, coupled with SEM imaging) shows the presence of the constituents of salt in the initial deposits.

Intrinsic excitability of cholinergic neurons in the rat parabigeminal nucleus.

Cholinergic neurons in the parabigeminal nucleus of the rat midbrain were studied in an acute slice preparation. Spontaneous, regular action potentials were observed both with cell-attached patch recordings as well as with whole cell current-clamp recordings. The spontaneous activity of parabigeminal nucleus (PBN) neurons was not due to synaptic input as it persisted in the presence of the pan-ionotropic excitatory neurotransmitter receptor blocker, kynurenic acid, and the cholinergic blockers dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHbetaE) and atropine.

Regulation of CNS synapses by neuronal MHC class I.

Until recently, neurons in the healthy brain were considered immune-privileged because they did not appear to express MHC class I (MHCI). However, MHCI mRNA was found to be regulated by neural activity in the developing visual system and has been detected in other regions of the uninjured brain. Here we show that MHCI regulates aspects of synaptic function in response to activity.

Age-dependence in the homeostatic upregulation of hippocampal dendritic spine number during blocked synaptic transmission.

Homeostatic regulation of spine number in mature hippocampal neurons results in more dendritic spines when synaptic transmission is blocked, providing a mechanism to compensate for diminished synaptic input. It is unsettled whether blockade of synaptic transmission also elevates spine number during development. To address this question, synaptic transmission was blocked in rat hippocampal slices during critical developmental stages of spine formation at postnatal days (P) 6-P22 and compared to adults.

Timing of neuronal and glial ultrastructure disruption during brain slice preparation and recovery in vitro.

Hippocampal slices often have more synapses than perfusion-fixed hippocampus, but the cause of this synaptogenesis is unclear. Ultrastructural evidence for synaptogenic triggers during slice preparation was investigated in 21-day-old rats. Slices chopped under warm or chilled conditions and fixed after 0, 5, 25, 60, or 180 minutes of incubation in an interface chamber were compared with hippocampi fixed by perfusion or by immersion of the whole hippocampus.