Immunohistochemical Characterization of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy Muscle Biopsies.

Background: Posited pathological mechanisms in Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD) include activation in somatic tissue of normally silenced genes, increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, and induction of apoptosis.

Objective: To determine the histopathological changes in FSHD muscle biopsies and compare to possible pathological mechanisms of disease.

Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on quadriceps muscle biopsies from 32 genetically confirmed FSHD participants, compared to healthy volunteers and myotonic dystrophy type 1 as disease controls.

A potent activator of melanogenesis identified from small-molecule screening.

Small molecules that increase the cellular level of melanin can be used to study melanogenesis, and have therapeutic potential for melanin-related diseases such as albinism. We describe the identification of a potent activator of melanogenesis from a targeted combinatorial library. Treating melanocytes with our most active molecule results in a 1.

Plexin C1, a receptor for semaphorin 7a, inactivates cofilin and is a potential tumor suppressor for melanoma progression.

Melanocytes are progenitor cells for melanoma, which arises through step-wise progression from dysplastic to invasive, to metastatic tumor. Our previous data showed that semaphorin 7A (Sema7A), a protein involved in axon guidance, stimulates melanocyte adhesion and dendricity through opposing actions of beta1-integrin and Plexin C1 receptors. We now show that Plexin C1 is diminished or absent in human melanoma cell lines; analysis of tissue microarrays of nevi, melanoma, and metastatic melanoma showed a decrease in Plexin C1 expression in metastatic melanoma, and an inverse correlation of Plexin C1 expression with depth of invasion.

Semaphorin 7a promotes spreading and dendricity in human melanocytes through beta1-integrins.

Described as secreted and membrane-bound proteins important for neural pathfinding, the class of proteins called Semaphorins are expressed in multiple tissue types and are involved in diverse biologic processes. In this study, we describe the function of Semaphorin 7a, a membrane-bound Semaphorin known to stimulate neurite outgrowth, on human melanocytes. We show that Semaphorin 7a is expressed by human keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo and that melanocytes express Plexin C1, a receptor for Semaphorin 7a.