Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase 3 regulates actin cytoskeleton organization and immunity.

Pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity are two primary forms of innate immunity in land plants. The molecular components and connecting nodes of pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity are not fully understood. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK3 is a key regulator of both pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity.

Arabidopsis defense mutant ndr1-1 displays accelerated development and early flowering mediated by the hormone gibberellic acid.

NONRACE-SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE (NDR1) is a widely characterized gene that plays a key role in defense against multiple bacterial, fungal, oomycete and nematode plant pathogens. NDR1 is required for activation of resistance by multiple NB and LRR-containing (NLR) protein immune sensors and contributes to basal defense. The role of NDR1 in positively regulating salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant defense responses is well documented.

Measuring dimethylallyl diphosphate available for isoprene synthesis.

Dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP) is a central metabolite in isoprenoid metabolism, but it is difficult to measure. Three different methods for measuring DMADP are compared, and a new method based on the conversion of DMADP to isoprene using recombinant isoprene synthase is introduced. Mass spectrometry is reliable but does not distinguish between DMADP and isopentenyl diphosphate.