The Tumor Microenvironment and the Estrogen Loop in Thyroid Cancer.

Thyroid cancer (TC) cells employ multiple signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/Raf/MAPK, fostering cell proliferation, survival and metastasis. Through a complex interplay with immune cells, inflammatory mediators and stroma, TC cells support an immunosuppressive, inflamed, pro-carcinogenic TME. Moreover, the participation of estrogens in TC pathogenesis has previously been hypothesized, in view of the higher TC incidence observed among females.

Thyroid findings in pediatric and adult patients with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome: A retrospective analysis, and literature review.

Purpose: PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) comprises a group of rare genetic conditions caused by germline mutations in PTEN gene and characterized by development of both benign and malignant lesions in many body tissues. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the incidence of thyroid findings in both adult and pediatric PHTS patients.

Methods: A retrospectively analysis conducted in 19 (13 adult and 6 pediatric) patients with PHTS, all confirmed with genetic testing, observed from 2015 to 2021 at the Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico.

Is Encapsulated Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Associated With a Better Prognosis? A Case Series and a Review of the Literature.

Context: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a malignant neuroendocrine neoplasm that may spread to lymph nodes before the primary tumor is diagnosed; moreover, distant metastases are already present in about 10% of patients at diagnosis. Serum calcitonin (Ctn) usually reflects the spread of disease, thus orienting the extent of surgery and predicting the possibility of biochemical remission. Tumor size and vascular invasion are important prognostic factors, but little is known on the relationship between other histopathological features, such as the presence of a tumor capsule, and long term outcome of MTC.

Adrenal Insufficiency at the Time of COVID-19: A Retrospective Study in Patients Referring to a Tertiary Center.

Context: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a global health emergency, and infected patients with chronic diseases often present with a severe impairment. Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is supposed to be associated with an increased infection risk, which could trigger an adrenal crisis.

Objective: Our primary aim was to evaluate the incidence of COVID-19 symptoms and complications in AI patients.

Adrenal Insufficiency at the Time of COVID-19: A Retrospective Study in Patients Referring to a Tertiary Center.

Context: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a global health emergency, and infected patients with chronic diseases often present with a severe impairment. Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is supposed to be associated with an increased infection risk, which could trigger an adrenal crisis.

Objective: Our primary aim was to evaluate the incidence of COVID-19 symptoms and complications in AI patients.

TNM 8th edition in thyroid cancer staging: is there an improvement in predicting recurrence?

TNM 8th edition introduces changes in the staging of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). This study aims at assessing the value of TNM 8th edition in predicting response to therapy and structural recurrence of DTC. Four hundred and eighty DTC patients were retrospectively evaluated by 7th and 8th editions of TNM staging system in relationship with risk stratification, response to therapy and recurrence of disease as defined by 2015 ATA guidelines.

Post-surgical Thyroid Bed Pyoderma Gangrenosum Mimicking Recurrent Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare inflammatory disease presenting with chronic-recurrent cutaneous ulcers histopathologically hallmarked by neutrophilic infiltrates, which may occur more frequently at sites of surgical traumas. The disease is habitually limited to the skin, but it can virtually involve any organ. Nevertheless, no prior cases of PG involving the thyroid bed have ever been reported.

Rare case of Cushing's disease due to double ACTH-producing adenomas, one located in the pituitary gland and one into the stalk.

Unlabelled: We describe a patient affected by Cushing's disease due to the presence of double pituitary adenomas, one located within the anterior pituitary and the other in the infundibulum associated with a remnant of Rakthe's pouch. Cure was achieved only after the infundibulum lesion was surgically removed.

Case Report: A 38-year-old female presented with unexplained weight gain, hirsutism, amenorrhea, asthenia, recurrent cutaneous micotic infections and alopecia.

Long-term follow-up in adrenal incidentalomas: an Italian multicenter study.

Context: The long-term consequences of subclinical hypercortisolism (SH) in patients with adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) are unknown.

Setting And Patients: In this retrospective multicentric study, 206 AI patients with a ≥5-year follow-up (median, 72.3 mo; range, 60-186 mo) were enrolled.