Current developments for improving efficacy of allergy vaccines.

Allergic diseases are prevalent worldwide. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is a current treatment for allergy, leading to modification of the natural course of disease. Mechanisms of efficacy include Treg through release of IL-10 and TGF-β and specific IgG4 blocking antibodies.

Clinical efficacy and immunologic effects of omalizumab in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

Background: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) often presents with persistently uncontrolled asthma despite the use of corticosteroids and antifungal therapy. Omalizumab is a humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody currently used to treat severe asthma.

Objective: The aim was to assess the clinical and immunologic effects of omalizumab in ABPA in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Asbestos and the lung in the 21st century: an update.

The asbestos-related disorders (ARDs) are currently of significant occupational and public health concern. Asbestos usage has been banned in most developed countries, but asbestos is still used in many developing countries and the number of cases of ARDs worldwide is rising. Many countries are now experiencing an epidemic of ARDs that is the legacy of occupational exposure in the 1960s-1980s because of the long latency period between asbestos exposure and manifestation of disease.

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide in asthma: an update.

In asthma, clinical symptoms and lung function are insensitive in reflecting the underlying airway inflammation, and monitoring of this process has only recently become available. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (Fe(NO)) is now recognized as a reliable surrogate marker of eosinophilic airway inflammation and offers the advantage of being completely non-invasive and very easy to obtain. This review summarizes the clinical use of Fe(NO) in asthma.

House dust mite sublingual immunotherapy: the role for transforming growth factor-beta and functional regulatory T cells.

Rationale: Sublingual allergen-specific immunotherapy is gaining popularity for treatment of allergic diseases, but underlying immunological mechanisms are unresolved.

Objectives: To perform detailed immunological investigation of sublingual house dust mite (HDM) immunotherapy.

Methods: A 12-month randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of sublingual HDM immunotherapy in 30 HDM-allergic subjects was performed, with 1-year open extension in 9 patients on active treatment.

The controversial role of surveillance bronchoscopy after lung transplantation.

Purpose Of Review: Clinically mandated transbronchial biopsy is universally regarded as the most efficient tool to establish pathology in the allograft. However, the utility of surveillance transbronchial biopsy to facilitate early detection and treatment of acute pulmonary allograft rejection is a matter of current debate. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence for and against the performance of surveillance bronchoscopy postlung transplantation, to discuss the risk/benefit ratio and the application of this procedure in the individual patient.

Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers in asbestos-related lung disorders.

Objectives: Asbestos induces generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in laboratory studies. Several such species can be measured non-invasively in humans in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) but few have been evaluated. This study aimed to assess oxidative stress and lung inflammation in vivo.

Early detection of malignant pleural mesothelioma through measurement of soluble mesothelin-related protein and positron emission tomography.

A 51-year-old man with no known history of asbestos exposure presented with hydropneumothorax. Soluble mesothelin-related protein testing and combined positron emission tomography and computed tomography were used to diagnose malignant pleural mesothelioma. One year after radical surgery and radiotherapy, there was no clinical recurrence.

Clinical consequences of asbestos-related diffuse pleural thickening: A review.

Asbestos-related diffuse pleural thickening (DPT), or extensive fibrosis of the visceral pleura secondary to asbestos exposure, is increasingly common due to the large number of workers previously exposed to asbestos. It may coexist with asbestos related pleural plaques but has a distinctly different pathology. The pathogenesis of this condition as distinct from pleural plaques is gradually becoming understood.

Soluble mesothelin-related protein in an asbestos-exposed population: the dust diseases board cohort study.

Rationale: Soluble mesothelin-related protein (SMRP) is raised in epithelial-type malignant mesothelioma (MM), but the utility of SMRP in screening for MM is unknown.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate SMRP in an asbestos-exposed cohort.

Methods: A total of 538 subjects were studied.

Nitric oxide and exhaled breath nitrite/nitrates in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.

Background: Measurement of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrite/nitrates (NOx) levels in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) are non-invasive techniques, which can be used to monitor airway inflammatory diseases. Production of NO is often increased in inflammatory diseases of the airways, including exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD-associated airway inflammation may be affected by multiple factors, including cigarette smoking and glucocorticosteroid (GCS) treatment.

Comparison of biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate and bronchoalveolar lavage.

Rationale: Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is increasingly studied as a noninvasive research method of sampling the lungs, measuring several biomarkers. The exact site of origin of substances measured in EBC is unknown, as is the clinical applicability of the technique. Special techniques might be needed to measure EBC biomarkers.

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide concentration is increased in asbestosis and pleural plaques.

Objective And Background: Asbestos exposure induces generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Nitric oxide is involved in asbestos-related lung toxicity in vitro and can be measured non-invasively in humans in exhaled breath. The authors hypothesized that fractional exhaled nitric oxide concentration (FENO) would be increased in subjects with asbestos-related lung disorders.

Diffuse panbronchiolitis in a Caucasian man in Canada.

Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) is a rare, chronic bronchiolar disease in non-Asian populations and is therefore commonly overlooked in Western countries. It usually affects nonsmokers and manifests as persistent air flow obstruction, chronic cough and interstitial nodular opacities. Untreated, the prognosis is poor.

Effect of montelukast on exhaled nitric oxide and nonvolatile markers of inflammation in mild asthma.

Study Objectives: Leukotriene receptor antagonists appear to exert anti-inflammatory activity in asthma. We undertook the present study to evaluate the effect of montelukast on levels of exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) and two inflammatory markers, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs), in the exhaled breath condensate of subjects with mild asthma.

Patients: Twenty stable subjects with mild asthma (15 women and 5 men; mean [+/- SD] age, 34.

Effect of nasal triamcinolone acetonide on lower airway inflammatory markers in patients with allergic rhinitis.

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma are commonly associated, and similar underlying inflammatory processes link both diseases. AR, even in the absence of asthma, is associated with increased levels of exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in exhaled breath condensate, 2 noninvasive markers of lower airway inflammation.

Objective: We sought to evaluate the effect of treatment with the nasal steroid triamcinolone acetonide on ENO and exhaled H(2)O(2) in subjects with AR.