Systematic review of societal costs associated with stroke, bleeding and monitoring in atrial fibrillation.

Economic consequences associated with the rise in nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant use on a societal level remain unclear. Evidence from the past decade on the societal economic burden associated with stroke, bleeding and international normalized ratio monitoring in atrial fibrillation was collected and summarized through a systematic literature review. There were 14 studies identified that reported indirect costs, which were highest among patients with hemorrhagic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage.