The fast-slow continuum of longevity among yellow-bellied toad populations (): intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of variation.

Yellow-bellied toad populations () show a wide fast-slow continuum of the life-history trait longevity ranging from 5 to 23 years. We investigated populations in Germany ( = 8) and Austria ( = 1) to determine their position within the continuum of longevity and the potential drivers of adult survival at the local and the continental scale. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors considered were local weather, nutritional state, allocation of ingested energy to somatic growth, pathogen prevalence, and geographical clines (latitude, altitude, and longitude).