A scoping review of the effects of mushroom and fungus extracts in rodent models of depression and tests of antidepressant activity.

One of the most important developments in psychopharmacology in the past decade has been the emergence of novel treatments for mood disorders, such as psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Psilocybin is most commonly found in different species of mushroom; however, the literature on mushroom and fungus extracts with potential antidepressant activity extends well beyond just psilocybin-containing mushrooms, and includes both psychedelic and non-psychedelic species. In the current review, we systematically review the preclinical literature on mushroom and fungus extracts, and their effects of animal models of depression and tests of antidepressant activity.

[Determination of severity of harm caused to health in depressed skull deformation by «ping-pong» type in an infant].

Is to develop a differential approach to determining the severity of harm caused to health in case of depressed skull injuries in infants, depending on their morphological features and the character of required treatment. The material included data from literature sources on the study of brain injuries in infants, clinical guidelines, describing the features of clinical picture and diagnosis of depressed skull fractures in infants and legal and regulatory framework of forensic medical evaluation of harm caused to health in injury. The following methods of research were used: logical-analytical, logical-synthetic (generalization), comparative, system-analytical (analysis of relations between facts) and radiological method.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2,2'-[(3,5-di--butyl-4-hy-droxy-phen-yl)methanedi-yl]bis-(3-hy-droxy-5,5-di-methyl-cyclo-hex-2-en-1-one).

In the title compound, CHO, mol-ecules are connected by O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming hydrogen-bonded zigzag chains running along the axis and parallel to the (001) plane. The mol-ecular packing is stabilized by van der Waals inter-actions between these chains along the and axes. The inter-molecular inter-actions in the crystal structure were qu-anti-fied and analysed using Hirshfeld surface analysis.

Neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics.

The emerging therapeutic efficacy of ketamine and classical psychedelics for depression has inspired tremendous interest in the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. We review preclinical and clinical evidence supporting neuroplasticity as a convergent downstream mechanism of action for these novel fast-acting antidepressants. Through their primary glutamate or serotonin receptor targets, ketamine and psychedelics [psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)] induce synaptic, structural, and functional changes, particularly in pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex.

Disruption of Long-Term Depression Potentiates Latent Inhibition: Key Role for Central Nucleus of the Amygdala.

Background: Latent inhibition (LI) reflects an adaptive form of learning impaired in certain forms of mental illness. Glutamate receptor activity is linked to LI, but the potential role of synaptic plasticity remains unspecified.

Methods: Accordingly, the present study examined the possible role of long-term depression (LTD) in LI induced by prior exposure of rats to an auditory stimulus used subsequently as a conditional stimulus to signal a pending footshock.

A naturalistic method to test depression: Anticipation of play.

The Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat was developed as a control for the spontaneous hypertensive rat but has subsequently also been used as a genetic animal model of depression due to its hyper-responsiveness to stress. We used anticipation of social reward (i.e.

Ketamine and its metabolite, (2R,6R)-HNK, restore hippocampal LTP and long-term spatial memory in the Wistar-Kyoto rat model of depression.

Accumulating evidence implicates dysregulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the pathophysiology of depression. However, the effects of ketamine on synaptic plasticity and their contribution to its mechanism of action as an antidepressant, are still unclear. We investigated ketamine's effects on in vivo dorsal hippocampal (dHPC) synaptic plasticity and their role in mediating aspects of antidepressant activity in the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) model of depression.

Evaluation of the Wistar-Kyoto rat model of depression and the role of synaptic plasticity in depression and antidepressant response.

In order to expand the prospects of developing novel antidepressants for treatment-resistant populations, animal models should incorporate not only various stress-induced behavioural, neurochemical and endocrine parallels to major depressive disorder (MDD), but also aspects of heightened stress susceptibility and resistance to conventional drugs. This review focuses on the available literature supporting the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat as a model of endogenous stress susceptibility and depression, and the role of synaptic plasticity in depression and antidepressant response in the context of this model. Accumulating evidence implicates a dysregulation of synaptic plasticity in the etiology of depression, leading to synaptic weakening and neuronal atrophy in vulnerable brain regions (hippocampus, prefrontal cortex).

Antidepressant effects of ketamine and the roles of AMPA glutamate receptors and other mechanisms beyond NMDA receptor antagonism.

The molecular mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder remain poorly understood, and current antidepressant treatments have many shortcomings. The recent discovery that a single intravenous infusion of ketamine at a subanesthetic dose had robust, rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in individuals with treatment-resistant depression inspired tremendous interest in investigating the molecular mechanisms mediating ketamine's clinical efficacy as well as increased efforts to identify new targets for antidepressant action. We review the clinical utility of ketamine and recent insights into its mechanism of action as an antidepressant, including the roles of -methyl-D-aspartate receptor inhibition, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor upregulation, activation of downstream synaptogenic signalling pathways and the production of an active ketamine metabolite, hydroxynorketamine.

Hydroxynorketamine: Implications for the NMDA Receptor Hypothesis of Ketamine's Antidepressant Action.

The prevailing hypothesis of ketamine's unique antidepressant effects implicates N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) inhibition-dependent enhancement of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor-mediated transmission, activation of intracellular signalling pathways and increased synaptogenesis. Recently, however, a seminal study by Zanos et al. directly challenged the NMDAR hypothesis of ketamine with the claim that an active ketamine metabolite, (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, devoid of NMDAR binding properties or key side effects of its parent compound, is both necessary and sufficient for ketamine's antidepressant effects in rodents.

[Results of malignancy detection during prophylactic medical examinations in 2013-2014].

Aim: To analyze the efficiency of prophylactic medical examination for malignancies that considerably contributes to adult mortality.

Material And Methods: The data of the national health statistics (Form 131/o, 7, 35) were used to make an expert analytical assessment of the results of prophylactic medical examinations for cancer in certain adult population groups in Russia in 2013-2014.

Results: Medical examinations covered 20.

Addiction-related genes in gambling disorders: new insights from parallel human and pre-clinical models.

Neurobiological research supports the characterization of disordered gambling (DG) as a behavioral addiction. Recently, an animal model of gambling behavior was developed (rat gambling task, rGT), expanding the available tools to investigate DG neurobiology. We investigated whether rGT performance and associated risk gene expression in the rat's brain could provide cross-translational understanding of the neuromolecular mechanisms of addiction in DG.

[Synthesis and biological properties of α-thymidine 5'-aryl phosphonates].

The interaction of CDI-activated diethyl phosphonoacetate with methyl 4-aminobenzoat or 3,5-difluoromethylphenylamine followed by treatment with Me3SiBr in DMF led to N-aryl aminocarbonylmethyl phosphonates and their ethyl esters. Their coupling with 3'-acetyl-α-thymidine followed by removal of the acetyl groups gave (α-D-thymidine-5'-il) N-[4-(methoxycarbonyl-, aminocarbonyl- and carboxy)phenyl]-aminocarbonylmethyl phosphonates, (α-D-thymidine-5'-il)-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylaminocarbonyl]methyl phosphonate and their ethyl esters. The phosphonates were stable in different conditions, low cytotoxic (in Vero and K562 cells) and were able to penetrate into K562 cells.

[Experimental study of remaxol as a drug for supportive therapy in traditional and high-dose treatment of tumors].

We have experimentally investigated the detoxifying and modifying effects of remaxol in the framework of traditional and high-dose chemotherapy in mice with transplanted tumors. The influence of remaxol in comparison with heptral was studied on the toxic and therapeutic action of cytostatic drugs gemzar, lastet (etoposide), and methotrexate during their traditional and high-dose administration in mice with transplanted P388 lympholeukosis. Remaxol demonstrated a detoxifying action with respect to these cytostatic agents, which decreased in the following series: gemzar lastet methotrexate (according to the results of lethality evaluation).

[Bicyclic furano[2,3-D] derivatives of pyrimidine nucleosides--synthesis and antiviral properties].

The methods of synthesis of furano- and pyrrolo[2,3-dlpyrimidine nucleosides as well as structure activity relationship of obtained compounds towards viruses of varicella zoster, hepatitis C, bovine viral diarrhea and some others are reviewed.

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus increases premature responding in a rat gambling task.

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is a treatment option for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, several recent studies have found an association between STN-DBS and increased impulsivity. Currently, it is not clear whether the observed increase in impulsivity results from STN-DBS per se, or whether it involves an interaction with the underlying PD neuropathology and/or intake of dopaminergic drugs.

[Age-related peculiarities and determinating factors of atrial fibrillation].

The principal aim of the study was to investigate the causes and clinical features of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients of two age groups--(1) 40-59 years and (2) 60 and elder. 454 male and female patients of the cardiology department were studied. This article discusses recent concepts of the mutual influence of AF and associated clinical cardiovascular conditions and their complications.

[4'-C-modified nucleosides: synthesis and antiviral properties].

The synthetic methods for 4'-C-modified nucleosides as well as structure activity relationship of obtained compounds towards hepatitis C virus are reviewed.

[Pathogenetic correction of metabolic disturbances in chronic liver affections].

The available drugs for the treatment of chronic liver affections (the adequate model is chronic hepatitis C) include agents of metabolic therapy, whose efficacy is not always enough, that required the search for original mitochondrial substrates on the basis of succinate. Such agents were composed as a pharmaceutical group named "Substrates of Energetic Metabolism" or "Substrate Antihypoxants". The review presents the description of the pharmacological effects of remaxole and cytoflavin, evident from lower levels of active metabolites of oxygen that increases the clinical efficacy of the therapy.

[Study of detoxifying efficacy of remaxol in experimental model of cisplatin-induced toxicosis].

The detoxifying efficacy of remaxol in the experimental model of cisplatin-induced toxicosis has been studied and the possibility of using this drug in cancer patients therapy is evaluated. Remaxol exhibited pronounced dose-dependent detoxifying effect in the model of toxicosis induced by cisplatin in a toxic dose (LD50). It reduced the death rate in test animals about three times when used at a 130 ml/kg dose, and prevented lethal outcome at a 500 ml/kg dose.

[The use of laser-assisted scanning confocal microscopy for the detection of foreign particles in internal organ tissues].

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility and effectiveness of using laser-assisted scanning confocal microscopy for the detection of foreign particles in internal organ tissues for the purpose of forensic medical diagnosis of fatal cases of acute and chronic drug intoxication. Lung tissue samples stained with hematoxylin and eosin exhibited autofluorescent foreign particles localized in vascular lumen. Microphotographs and autofluorescence spectral profiles of the examined tissues are presented.

[New furano- and pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleosides and their 5'-triphosphates: synthesis and biological properties].

Bicyclic furano[2,3-d]pyrimidine ribonucleosides were synthesized by Pd(0)- and CuI-catalyzed coupling of 5-iodouridine with terminal alkynes. The treatment of the resulting nucleosides with ammonia or methylamine solution in aqueous alcohol resulted in pyrrolo- and N(7)-methylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleosides. 5'-O-Triphosphates of bicyclic nucleosides were obtained by the treatment of the nucleosides with POCl3 in the presence of a "proton sponge.