The effectiveness of olfactory training for chronic olfactory disorder following COVID-19: a systematic review.

Background: Chronic olfactory disorders are some of the most frequent post-COVID-19 presentations. Olfactory training (OT) is currently the most popular method used for treating post-viral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD). We evaluated the effect of olfactory training on the chronic olfactory disorders of patients infected with COVID-19.

Effect of myopia management contact lens design on accommodative microfluctuations and eye movements during reading.

Background: Soft contact lenses have been developed and licensed for reducing myopia progression. These lenses have different designs, such as extended depth of focus (EDOF) and dual focus (DF). In this prospective, double-masked, cross-over study, different lens designs were investigated to see whether these had impact on accommodative microfluctuations and eye movements during reading.

Hemodialyzed Individuals' Left Spatial Attentional Bias Is Normalized Following Successful Kidney Transplantation.

Background: Healthy people have a leftward spatial attentional bias, called pseudoneglect. Individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who are receiving hemodialysis often demonstrate an increase in their leftward spatial attentional bias. Whereas a successful kidney transplant often improves the cognitive functions of individuals who previously received hemodialysis, the effect of a kidney transplant on this abnormal allocation of spatial attention has not been investigated.

The Allocation of Vertical Attention in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Receiving Dialysis.

: Alterations of spatial attention can have adverse effects, such a greater probability of accidents. Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving dialysis have stronger left-sided spatial attentional bias, suggesting that this disorder or treatment alters the brain networks that mediate spatial attention. The hemispheric networks that mediate the allocation of horizontal attention may also influence the allocation of vertical attention.

Kidney transplantation and action-intentional improvements: Evidence from an ERP study.

Reaction slowing observed in dialyzed patients results from deficits in initiating and sustaining motor response mobilization. The present study aimed at investigating whether these deficits are reversible following successful kidney transplantation. To achieve this goal, behavioral and electrophysiological (EEG) data were assessed from healthy control participants as well as kidney transplant and dialyzed patients performing a series of reaction time tasks.

Hemispheric stroke: Mood disorders.

Stroke causes many forms of disability, including emotional and mood disorders. Depression is the most common of these, affecting approximately one-third of stroke patients. Other disorders like mania, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, or apathy may also develop following stroke, although they are less common.

Feeling and Looking Down: Impact of Depressive Symptoms on the Allocation of Vertical Attention.

Background: Emotions and moods are often expressed using verbal, vertical spatial metaphors (eg, "I'm feeling down"). The reason for using these vertical metaphors is unknown; however, when individuals experience depressive symptoms, they often become self-reflective and ruminative. These mental activities are associated with activation of the default network, including the parietal lobes.

Upper Vertical Spatial Neglect With A Right Temporal Lobe Stroke.

Individuals with a hemispheric infarction often reveal inattention to, or neglect of, contralesional lateral space (ie, hemispatial neglect). Individuals with a bilateral ventral temporal-occipital lesion have been shown to demonstrate upper vertical neglect, and those with a bilateral parietal-occipital lesion have been shown to demonstrate lower vertical neglect. However, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of individuals with vertical neglect from a unilateral hemispheric lesion.

Attentional system of very prematurely born preschoolers.

Recent studies indicate that premature children are at risk for difficulties with cognitive development and have increased incidence of ADHD as well as other behavioral disorders. Although the exact mechanism accounting for these children's neuropsychological abnormalities is unknown, there is evidence to suggest that the cognitive and behavioral disturbances seen in this population may result from a slower development of the attentional system. However, it remains unclear whether prematurity affects the development of the entire attention system or if prematurely born children have a selective insufficiency of components of this system (i.

Age-related changes in the allocation of spatially directed focal attention.

Objectives: Leftward deviation on a horizontal line bisection test (pseudoneglect) might be induced by right hemispheric dominance for mediating spatial or global attention, or a hemispheric asymmetry in the ability to spatially disengage attention. With aging, this leftward bias is reduced, likely due to the aging-related deterioration of right hemisphere mediated functions (right hemi-aging) or hemispheric asymmetry reduction in old adults (HAROLD).

Methods: Forty-seven healthy adults divided into younger and older groups performed a modified Posner spatial-attentional task.

Improved Accuracy on Lateralized Spatial Judgments in Healthy Aging.

Objectives: Healthy young adults often demonstrate a leftward spatial bias called "pseudoneglect" which often diminishes with aging. One hypothesis for this phenomenon is an age-related deterioration in right hemisphere functions (right hemi-aging). If true, then a greater rightward bias should be evident on all spatial attention tasks regardless of content.

Age-Related Changes in the Allocation of Vertical Attention.

Objectives: Healthy individuals often have a leftward and upward attentional spatial bias; however, there is a reduction of this leftward bias with aging. The right hemisphere mediates leftward spatial attention and age-related reduction of right hemispheric activity may account for this reduced leftward bias. The right hemisphere also appears to be responsible for upward bias, and this upward bias might reduce with aging.

The influence of rightward and leftward spatial deviations of spatial attention on emotional picture recognition.

Objectives: Several studies have reported that positive emotions are primarily mediated by the left hemisphere and negative emotions by the right hemisphere. Since each hemisphere primarily allocates attention toward the contralateral hemispace, we wanted to learn how inducing a spatial attentional orienting bias to right and left egocentric hemispace might influence the recognition and perception of visually presented emotional scenes.

Method: Participants were 42 healthy, right-handed young adults.

Leftward Bias of Visual Attention in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Receiving Dialysis: A Neglected Phenomenon.

Background And Objective: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who are receiving dialysis often have cognitive and behavioral changes, including impairments in sustained attention. Impairments in sustained attention appear to be the consequence of right hemisphere dysfunction. Right hemisphere brain networks are also important for the allocation of spatial attention.

The time course of blur adaptation in emmetropes and myopes.

Purpose/background: This study examined the effect of myopic defocus on visual acuity (VA) over time, with attention being paid to the first point at which blur adaptation had a significant and measurable effect on defocused VA. Visual acuity was sampled at a higher rate than previous studies in order to assess the time course of blur adaptation processes in myopic and emmetropic observers.

Methods: Participants were 24 normally-sighted observers (12 emmetropes and 12 myopes, median age: 22.

Effect of blur adaptation on human parafoveal vision.

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate whether neural compensation for induced defocus can alter visual resolution in other areas of the human retina beyond the fovea. In certain circumstances, the blur adaptation response may be influenced by refractive status.

Methods: The effect of blur adaptation on the central 10° of the retina was investigated in 20 normally sighted observers (10 emmetropes and 10 myopes; median age, 21 years).

Simultaneous measurement of objective refraction, accommodation response and axial length of the human eye.

Purpose: Accurate measurements of ocular biometry and objective refraction are of vital importance to research laboratories working in the area of refractive error development and oculomotor function. A number of commercially available instruments can provide these measurements, and are used in both their intended modes, and with modifications to increase their research utility. A limitation that exists currently is the inability to conduct simultaneous measurements of refractive error or accommodation response, and the axial length of the same eye.