The Efficacy of Paraprobiotic Lozenges ( MIMLh5) for the Prevention of Acute and Chronic Nose and Throat Infections in Children.

Tonsillitis is common in children and is predominantly caused by viruses and, less frequently, by bacteria such as group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. The treatment primarily involves supportive care; however, the overuse of antibiotics remains a concern due to rising antibiotic resistance. Probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus strains, have been shown to modulate immune responses, offering a potential alternative treatment.

Branchiootorenal and branchiooculofacial syndrome.

Introduction: Branchiootorenal syndrome (BOR) is an autosomal dominant disorder. One of very similar syndromes is branchiooculofacial syndrome (BOF), with incomplete penetrance and variable expression. The overlap between BOR syndrome and BOF syndrome includes external ear abnormalities with hearing loss, lachrymal duct obstruction, branchial cleft remnants, and renal or urethral defects.

Sudden hearing loss in children.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) is defined as a unilateral or bilateral sensorineural hearing loss with at least 30 dB decrease in threshold in 3 contiguous test frequencies occurring over 72 hours or less. It is very rare in children. Sudden hearing loss is a symptom that suggests that there is a problem in the inner ear, surrounding structures, or the whole organism.