Highlights of infectious agents in tissue.

The evolution of the diagnosis of infectious diseases began with the observation of the morphological characteristics of organisms such as ascaris and whipworms, followed by the use of the microscope and haematoxylin and eosin stains, which allowed recognition of microscopic characteristics undetectable with the naked eye, such as the viral cytopathic changes of herpes and the presence of fungi. Patterns of acute and chronic granulomatous inflammation were also observed; these were not specific to the exact aetiology of the disease, which led to the introduction of special methenamine stains for fungi and Ziehl-Neelsen for fungi and mycobacteria. Later, the use of immunohistochemistry was introduced, which acknowledged the use of antibodies to classify microorganisms and detect cases that were either difficult to interpret or in the midst of severe inflammatory processes.

Malakoplakia after kidney transplantation: Case report and literature review.

Malakoplakia is a granulomatous disease associated with an infectious etiology, usually involving the urinary tract. It reveals itself as a recurrent urinary tract infection (r-UTI), and in some cases, it is associated with impairment of renal function. Immunosuppression is one of its main associated factors, and it has been increasingly described in patients with solid organ transplantation (SOT), mainly kidney transplantation.

Parathyroid cysts: the Latin-American experience.

Background: Parathyroid cyst is an infrequent and unsuspected disease. There are more than 300 hundred cases reported in the world literature, a few of them are from Latin America. The experience of our centers and a review of the cases are presented.

Adrenal venous sampling in a patient with adrenal Cushing syndrome.

The primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia or the independent adrenocorticotropic hormone bilateral nodular adrenal hyperplasia is a rare cause hypercortisolism, its diagnosis is challenging and there is no clear way to decide the best therapeutic approach. Adrenal venous sampling is commonly used to distinguish the source of hormonal production in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism. It could be a useful tool in this context because it might provide information to guide the treatment.

Computer-Aided Prostate Cancer Diagnosis From Digitized Histopathology: A Review on Texture-Based Systems.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is currently diagnosed by microscopic evaluation of biopsy samples. Since tissue assessment heavily relies on the pathologists level of expertise and interpretation criteria, it is still a subjective process with high intra- and interobserver variabilities. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) may have a major impact on detection and grading of PCa by reducing the pathologists reading time, and increasing the accuracy and reproducibility of diagnosis outcomes.

[Metastasis to the sinonasal region].

Metastasis to the sinonasal region do appear, but are rare. Depending on the affected anatomical area, patients might have symptoms similar to the ones presented with a primary tumour of the area. In many occasions, only a biopsy will give a final diagnosis and provide the treating physician with a pathway to follow.