Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae Infections in Spain and Case Review of the Literature.

Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae is an emerging cause of tickborne rickettsiosis. Since the bacterium was first documented as a human pathogen in 1996, a total of 69 patients with this infection have been reported in the literature. Because of the rising rate of R.

HBsAg level defines different clinical phenotypes of HBeAg(-) chronic HBV infection related to HBV polymerase-specific CD8 cell response quality.

Background: HBe-antigen(Ag)-negative chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is characterized by little liver fibrosis progression and vigorous HBV-multispecific CD8 T-cell response.

Aims: To assess whether HBsAg level could discriminate different HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection subtypes with dissimilar quality of HBV-specific CD8 T-cell response.

Methods: We recruited 63 HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection patients in which indirect markers of liver inflammation/fibrosis, portal pressure, viral load (VL), and HBV-specific CD8 cell effector function were correlated with HBsAg level.

IL-15 boosts activated HBV core-specific CD8 progenitor cells via metabolic rebalancing in persistent HBV infection.

A rebalance between energy supply and demand in HBV-specific-CD8 activated progenitor (AP) cells could restore the functionality of proliferative progeny (PP) in e-antigen(Ag)-negative chronic hepatitis B (CHBe(-)). We observed that quiescent progenitor (QP [TCF1/FSC]) HBVcore-specific-CD8 cells displayed a memory-like phenotype. Following Ag-encounter, the generated AP [TCF1/FSC] subset maintained the PD1/CD127 phenotype and gave rise to proliferative progeny (PP [ TCF1/FSC]).

Low peripheral blood chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 and tumor necrosis factor α gene expression is associated with unfavorable progression of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infants.

Objectives: We aimed to analyze whether the expression of inflammatory and antiviral genes in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infected infants' peripheral blood is associated with bronchiolitis progression.

Methods: We conducted a prospective study on 117 infants between 2015 and 2023. The expression levels of nine genes were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in HTLV-1 non-endemic regions.

Background: HTLV-1 infection is a neglected disease, despite producing neurological and lymphoproliferative severe illnesses and affect over 10 million people worldwide. Roughly 5% of HTLV-1 carriers develop Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), one of the most aggressive hematological malignancies.

Methods: A national HTLV-1 register exists since 1989 in Spain, a non-endemic country with a large migrant flow from Latin America and Equatorial Africa, where HTLV-1 is endemic.

Influenza A(H5N1) detection in two asymptomatic poultry farm workers in Spain, September to October 2022: suspected environmental contamination.

In autumn 2022, the Spanish Influenza National Reference Laboratory (NRL) confirmed the detection of influenza A(H5N1) in samples from two asymptomatic workers linked to an outbreak in a poultry farm in Spain. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken according to a national screening protocol for exposed workers. Absence of symptoms, low viral load and negative serology in both workers suggested environmental contamination.

Changes in the epidemiology of hepatitis A: Clinical and preventive implications.

Introduction And Objectives: Hepatitis A Virus Infection (HAI) has been related to the hygienic-sanitary situation of an area, the changes in the epidemiology of HAI in the province of Guadalajara between 1991 and 2017 are analyzed.

Materials And Methods: Cases of HAI declared between 1991 and 2017 in Guadalajara were included. The variables analyzed were age, sex, environment, risk factors for HAI and need for hospitalization.

Measles outbreak in the sanitary area of Guadalajara (Spain): difficulty in microbiological diagnosis in the era of its elimination.

Introduction: In Spain, like in other countries where endemic measles has been eliminated, there is a need for available diagnostic tolos for confirming any cases in order to prevent and control its transmission. We describe the different microbiological tests used for the diagnosis of measles during an outbreak that occurred in 2019 in the province of Guadalajara (Spain).

Methods: Serological and molecular tests were performed at the Microbiology laboratory of the Guadalajara University Hospital and at the National Center for Microbiology of the Carlos III Health Institute (Majadahonda, Spain).

Pertactin-Deficient Bordetella pertussis with Unusual Mechanism of Pertactin Disruption, Spain, 1986-2018.

Bordetella pertussis not expressing pertactin has increased in countries using acellular pertussis vaccines (ACV). The deficiency is mostly caused by pertactin gene disruption by IS481. To assess the effect of the transition from whole-cell vaccine to ACV on the emergence of B.

Model to predict on-treatment restoration of functional HBV-specific CD8 cell response foresees off-treatment HBV control in eAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD8 cell response restoration during nucleos(t)ide analogue (NUC) treatment could lead to off-treatment HBV control in e-antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B (CHBe(-)).

Aim: To predict this response with variables involved in T-cell exhaustion for use as a treatment stopping tool.

Methods: In NUC-treated CHBe(-) patients, we considered a functional response in cases with HBV-specific CD8 cells against core and polymerase HBV epitopes able to proliferate and secrete type I cytokines after antigen encounter.

Measles outbreak in the sanitary area of Guadalajara (Spain): Difficulty in microbiological diagnosis in the era of its elimination.

Introduction: In Spain, like in other countries where endemic measles has been eliminated, there is a need for available diagnostic tools for confirming any cases in order to prevent and control its transmission. We describe the different microbiological tests used for the diagnosis of measles during an outbreak that occurred in 2019 in the province of Guadalajara (Spain).

Methods: Serological and molecular tests were performed at the Microbiology laboratory of the Guadalajara University Hospital and at the National Center for Microbiology of the Carlos III Health Institute (Majadahonda, Spain).

Molecular epidemiology of an enterovirus A71 outbreak associated with severe neurological disease, Spain, 2016.

IntroductionEnterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an emerging pathogen that causes a wide range of disorders including severe neurological manifestations. In the past 20 years, this virus has been associated with large outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease with neurological complications in the Asia-Pacific region, while in Europe mainly sporadic cases have been reported. In spring 2016, however, an EV-A71 outbreak associated with severe neurological cases was reported in Catalonia and spread further to other Spanish regions.

Infectious Keratitis: Microbiological Review of 297 Cases.

Infectious keratitis is a serious ocular infection that can lead to loss of vision. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological characteristics of this infection at the University Hospital of Guadalajara (Spain). We retrospectively reviewed all cases diagnosed between January 2010 and December 2016.

According to Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection Stage, Interleukin-7 Plus 4-1BB Triggering Alone or Combined with PD-1 Blockade Increases TRAF1 HCV-Specific CD8 Cell Reactivity.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific CD8 T cells suffer a progressive exhaustion during persistent infection (PI) with HCV. This process could involve the positive immune checkpoint 4-1BB/4-1BBL through the loss of its signal transducer, TRAF1. To address this issue, peripheral HCV-specific CD8 T cells (pentamer-positive [pentamer]/CD8 T cells) from patients with PI and resolved infection (RI) after treatment were studied.

Genetic Characterization of Rubella Virus Strains Detected in Spain, 1998-2014.

The National Plan for the Elimination of Rubella was implemented in Spain in 2008 using the logistics of the National Plan for the Elimination of Measles that have been employed since year 2000. Molecular characterization of rubella virus (RUBV) is important for disease surveillance and for monitoring elimination of the disease throughout the world. We describe the first complete series of data regarding the circulation of RUBV genotypes in Spain.

[Severe acute hepatitis by delta virus superinfection: diagnostic significance of molecular biology.].

HDV infection may occur within a primary HBV infection (co-infection) or by sub sequent acquisition ofthe virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B (superinfection). Acute HDV infection is rarely diagnosed. Since cero conversion usually takes place about six weeks after viral infection, early diagnosis requires the use of direct diagnostic techniques, such as antigen HD V (HDAg) detection, or genomic amplification by means of molecular biology methods (RT-PCR).

[Re-emergence of measles in the province of Guadalajara, Spain. Is it time to establish new strategies for its elimination?].

Background: Measles is a viral infection that was almost eradicated, but it is re-emerging in Spain and Europe in recent years. The aim of this study was to describe the microbiological, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a measles outbreak that occurred in Guadalajara (Spain) from June to August 2012.

Methods: A descriptive and retrospective study was conducted.

Bim-mediated apoptosis and PD-1/PD-L1 pathway impair reactivity of PD1(+)/CD127(-) HCV-specific CD8(+) cells targeting the virus in chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

PD-1 molecule promotes anergy and IL-7 receptor (CD127) induces an anti-apoptotic effect on T cells. Correlation between PD-1/CD127 phenotype and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific CD8(+) cell reactivity in resolved infection (RI) after treatment and persistent HCV-infection (PI) was analysed. Directly ex vivo, PD-1 and CD127 expression on HCV-specific CD8(+) cells displayed a positive and negative correlation, respectively with viraemia.

[Changes in the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from community diagnosed urinary tract infections during the period 2003-2007. Multicentre study in Castilla la Mancha (Spain)].

Objective: To know the evolution of susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli in patients with community diagnosed urinary tract infections (UTIs) during last years in Castilla la Mancha (Spain).

Methods: Descriptive and retrospective study performed between january 2003 and december 2007. We studied data about frequency and susceptibility of 33.

Surgical site infection due to Aeromonas species: report of nine cases and literature review.

Gastrointestinal and wound infections are the most common clinical presentation of Aeromonas. Surgical site infections (SSIs) due to this microorganism are rare. We studied the clinical and microbiological characteristics of 9 cases that appeared at 2 Spanish hospitals and reviewed 15 cases available in the literature.