Kaolin as a management alternative for insecticide-resistant navel orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

The production of almonds and pistachios in California's Central Valley employs insecticides for the management of their primary pest, navel orangeworm. The pyrethroid Bifenthrin is commonly used, and now a strain of Amyelois transitella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (R347) obtained from Kern County almond orchards with a history of Bifenthrin use has acquired >110-fold resistance toward pyrethroids. One method to improve control is to use additives and spray adjuvants, which are applied simultaneously with an insecticide to increase coverage and/or duration of control.

Physical-chemical factors influencing the vertical distribution of phototrophic pico-nanoplankton in the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) off Northern Chile: The relative influence of low pH/low O conditions.

The vertical distribution of phytoplankton is of fundamental importance in the structure, dynamic, and biogeochemical pathways in marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, what are the main factors determining this distribution remains as an open question. Here, we evaluated the relative influence of environmental factors that might control the coexistence and vertical distribution of pico-nanoplankton associated with the OMZ off northern Chile.

Brief Research Report: The Association Between Educational Experiences and Covid-19 Pandemic-Related Variables, and Mental Health Among Children and Adolescents.

Mental health problems among children and adolescents are frequent. Today, the world is facing a pandemic with a novel coronavirus, which is related to the higher rates of mental problems reported worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the Covid-19 related experiences, educational experiences, and family functioning on mental health and wellbeing among children and adolescents in Chile during the Pandemic and lockdown health measures.

Genome-resolved viral ecology in a marine oxygen minimum zone.

Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are critical to marine nitrogen cycling and global climate change. While OMZ microbial communities are relatively well-studied, little is known about their viruses. Here, we assess the viral community ecology of 22 deeply sequenced viral metagenomes along a gradient of oxygenated to anoxic waters (<0.

Single cell genomic and transcriptomic evidence for the use of alternative nitrogen substrates by anammox bacteria.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) contributes substantially to ocean nitrogen loss, particularly in anoxic marine zones (AMZs). Ammonium is scarce in AMZs, raising the hypothesis that organic nitrogen compounds may be ammonium sources for anammox. Biochemical measurements suggest that the organic compounds urea and cyanate can support anammox in AMZs.

Anti-HIV-1 Activity of Lactic Acid in Human Cervicovaginal Fluid.

Women of reproductive age with a dominated vaginal microbiota have a reduced risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV and a vaginal pH of ~4 due to the presence of ~1% (wt/vol) lactic acid. While lactic acid has potent HIV virucidal activity , whether lactic acid present in the vaginal lumen inactivates HIV has not been investigated. Here we evaluated the anti-HIV-1 activity of native, minimally diluted cervicovaginal fluid obtained from women of reproductive age ( = 20) with vaginal microbiota dominated by spp.

Cryptic oxygen cycling in anoxic marine zones.

Oxygen availability drives changes in microbial diversity and biogeochemical cycling between the aerobic surface layer and the anaerobic core in nitrite-rich anoxic marine zones (AMZs), which constitute huge oxygen-depleted regions in the tropical oceans. The current paradigm is that primary production and nitrification within the oxic surface layer fuel anaerobic processes in the anoxic core of AMZs, where 30-50% of global marine nitrogen loss takes place. Here we demonstrate that oxygenic photosynthesis in the secondary chlorophyll maximum (SCM) releases significant amounts of O to the otherwise anoxic environment.

The role of lactic acid production by probiotic Lactobacillus species in vaginal health.

Vaginal eubiosis is characterised by beneficial lactobacillus-dominated microbiota. In contrast, vaginal dysbiosis (e.g.

Vaginal lactic acid elicits an anti-inflammatory response from human cervicovaginal epithelial cells and inhibits production of pro-inflammatory mediators associated with HIV acquisition.

Inflammation in the female reproductive tract (FRT) is associated with increased HIV transmission. Lactobacillus spp. dominate the vaginal microbiota of many women and their presence is associated with reduced HIV acquisition.

Helpfulness of rectoanal endosonography in diagnosis of sexual abuse in a child.

Background: Clinical importance of sexual abuse in children has rapidly expanded in recent years, but despite of it, the lack of medical signs in the vast majority of sexual abuse cases, makes it difficult to assess. Given that, owing to our prior experience in endosonography (EUS) of the anal canal in child with anorectal malformations, we wanted to test EUS as a diagnostic method of sexual abuse in a child.

Purpose: The purpose of our study is to present our experience in the use of anorectal EUS among children with suspected sexual abuse.

Antimicrobial and immune modulatory effects of lactic acid and short chain fatty acids produced by vaginal microbiota associated with eubiosis and bacterial vaginosis.

Lactic acid and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by vaginal microbiota have reported antimicrobial and immune modulatory activities indicating their potential as biomarkers of disease and/or disease susceptibility. In asymptomatic women of reproductive-age the vaginal microbiota is comprised of lactic acid-producing bacteria that are primarily responsible for the production of lactic acid present at ~110 mM and acidifying the vaginal milieu to pH ~3.5.

Vaginal concentrations of lactic acid potently inactivate HIV.

Objectives: When Lactobacillus spp. dominate the vaginal microbiota of women of reproductive age they acidify the vagina to pH <4.0 by producing ∼1% lactic acid in a nearly racemic mixture of d- and l-isomers.

Virucidal activity of the dendrimer microbicide SPL7013 against HIV-1.

Topical microbicides for use by women to prevent the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections are urgently required. Dendrimers are highly branched nanoparticles being developed as microbicides. SPL7013 is a dendrimer with broad-spectrum activity against HIV type I (HIV-1) and -2 (HIV-2), herpes simplex viruses type-1 (HSV-1) and -2 (HSV-2) and human papillomavirus.

Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Alternaria alternata immunotherapy: clinical efficacy and safety.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) with fungal extracts has been beset by safety and efficacy problems, which result mainly from qualitative and quantitative variations. Little has been published on the safety and efficacy of these extracts. The objective was to analyze the safety and efficacy of ASIT with an Alternaria alternata extract.

Double-blind comparative study of cluster and conventional immunotherapy schedules with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus.

Background: The conventional schedule for subcutaneous immunotherapy with allergen extracts, although efficacious and safe, is slow during the dose-increase phase.

Objective: We sought to compare the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus standardized extract given in a 6-week cluster period and a conventional 12-week schedule during the incremental-dose phase.

Methods: Of 239 patients with rhinitis, allergic bronchial asthma, or both caused by D pteronyssinus , 120 were randomly assigned to the cluster schedule, and 119 were randomly assigned to the conventional schedule.

[Immunotherapy with grouped doses].

Once the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy with allergen extracts has been shown, recently it has become evident the need for perfecting those aspects of the treatment that can be improved, such as its dosage form. The conventional dosage of subcutaneous immunotherapy in the phase of dose increase is slow in reaching an efficient level. For this reason other alternative dosages to the conventional one have been tried out, such as grouped dosages, which shorten this period of dose increase.

[Application of Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) for pediatric internship assessment in two schools of medicine].

Background: The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) has become a respected and widely used tool for the assessment of clinical competence in medical education.

Aim: To describe the first experience of an OSCE as a summative assessment in undergraduate Pediatric Internship, in two universities.

Material And Methods: The OSCE was structured by a committee of faculty members of the 5 campi of University of Chile and I campus of the Catholic University.

Factors affecting mortality in patients over 70 years of age submitted to surgery for gallbladder or common bile duct stones.

Chile is the country with the highest incidence of gallstone disease in the world. Nearly 44% of the women and 25% of the men over 20 years of age have gallstones. Biliary tract surgery accounts for about 35% of all the operations performed in Chilean general hospitals.