Mechanisms of change in external implementation support: A conceptual model and case examples to guide research and practice.

Background: External implementation support (EIS) is a well-recognized feature of implementation science and practice, often under related terms such as technical assistance and implementation facilitation. Existing models of EIS have gaps related to addressing practice outcomes at both individual and organizational levels, connecting practice activities to intended outcomes, or grounding in well-established theories of behavior and organization change. Moreover, there have been calls to clarify the mechanisms of change through which EIS influences related outcomes.

Trajectory of external implementation support activities across two states in the United States: A descriptive study.

Background: Reporting on strategies to advance implementation outcomes is imperative. The current study reports descriptive information about external implementation support (EIS) provided over 5 years to 13 regions in North Carolina and South Carolina scaling an evidence-based system of parenting and family supports. Regional support teams operating through the Implementation Capacity for Triple P (ICTP) projects employed core practice components (CPCs) for EIS as proposed by Aldridge et al.

Practical Implementation of Emergent After-Hours Radiation Treatment Process Using Remote Treatment Planning on Optimized Diagnostic CT Scans.

The purpose of this report is to present the implementation of a process for after-hours radiation treatment (RT) utilizing remote treatment planning based on optimized diagnostic computed tomography (CT) scans for the urgent palliative treatment of inpatients. A standardized operating procedure was developed by an interprofessional panel to improve the quality of after-hours RT and minimize the risk of treatment errors. A new diagnostic CT protocol was created that could be performed after-hours on hospital scanners and would ensure a reproducible patient position and adequate field of view.

Community capacity coach: Embedded support to implement evidenced-based prevention.

Given the pervasive nature of child abuse and neglect, multilevel public health approaches are necessary. Implementation science can help in understanding the most effective ways to build infrastructure and support delivery of such approaches. In this theoretical paper, we describe the implementation of the Positive Parenting Program (Triple P), an evidence-based population-level parenting program in South Carolina.

ETV for successful treatment of holocord syrinx with hydrocephalus: a case report.

Aim: to present evidence for the use of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in the treatment of holocord syrinx.

Methods: ETV has been used in the treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus and syringomyelia secondary to Chiari 1 malformation. However, there have been no reports of ETV being utilised in the management of a holocord.

Is the Concept of Self-Regulation Useful for Supporting Effective Implementation in Community Settings?

The literature and utility of self-regulation extends beyond individuals; a critical factor for successful and sustainable implementation of evidence-based programs in a community setting may be the capacity of teams to self-regulate implementation processes. The conceptual foundation of this proposal is explored and definitions of the five dimensions of self-regulation for implementation processes are provided. Practice examples illustrate how the provision of external implementation support to build self-regulatory capacity among implementation teams adopting and scaling-up EBPs in the local community setting has shaped and refined the proposed definitions to better reflect the work on-the-ground.

T-CaST: an implementation theory comparison and selection tool.

Background: Theories, models, and frameworks (TMF) are foundational for generalizing implementation efforts and research findings. However, TMF and the criteria used to select them are not often described in published articles, perhaps due in part to the challenge of selecting from among the many TMF that exist in the field. The objective of this international study was to develop a user-friendly tool to help scientists and practitioners select appropriate TMF to guide their implementation projects.

Active involved community partnerships: co-creating implementation infrastructure for getting to and sustaining social impact.

Active involved community partnerships (AICPs) are essential to co-create implementation infrastructure and translate evidence into real-world practice. Across varied forms, AICPs cultivate community and tribal members as agents of change, blending research and organizational knowledge with relationships, context, culture, and local wisdom. Unlike selective engagement, AICPs enable active involvement of partners in the ongoing process of implementation and sustainability.

Transforming community prevention systems for sustained impact: embedding active implementation and scaling functions.

Traditional efforts to translate evidence-based prevention strategies to communities, at scale, have not often produced socially significant outcomes or the local capacity needed to sustain them. A key gap in many efforts is the transformation of community prevention systems to support and sustain local infrastructure for the active implementation, scaling, and continuous improvement of effective prevention strategies. In this paper, we discuss (1) the emergence of applied implementation science as an important type 3-5 translational extension of traditional type 2 translational prevention science, (2) active implementation and scaling functions to support the full and effective use of evidence-based prevention strategies in practice, (3) the organization and alignment of local infrastructure to embed active implementation and scaling functions within community prevention systems, and (4) policy and practice implications for greater social impact and sustainable use of effective prevention strategies.

A couple-based intervention for female breast cancer.

Objective: Although women's breast cancer affects both women and their male partners, as well as their relationships, few interventions have been developed to work with couples confronting breast cancer. The current investigation presents the pilot results from a new couple-based intervention program for breast cancer that teaches couples how to minimize negative effects and maximize positive functioning during this difficult time.

Method: In this pilot study, 14 couples in which the wife had early stage breast cancer were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment conditions: Couple-based relationship enhancement (RE) or treatment-as-usual (TAU).

Ultrafast energy transfer between the 3MLCT state of [Ru(II)(dmb)2(bpy-an)]2+ and the covalently appended anthracene.

The time scale for triplet-triplet energy transfer (EnT) between a Ru(II) chromophore and a ligand bound anthracene acceptor in [Ru(II)(dmb)2(bpy-an)]2+ (dmb = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2-bipyridine; bpy-an = 4-(9-anthrylethylene), 4-methyl-2,2-bipyridine) has been measured using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The appearance of the anthracene excited state is monitored following photoexcitation to a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) state via the pi pi* absorption of the triplet excited state of anthracene. Our time-resolved experiments show the presence of fast, sub-100 ps energy transfer to the anthracene occurring on two characteristic time scales of 23 and 72 ps.

Synthesis and characterization of oligoproline-based molecular assemblies for light harvesting.

Helical oligoproline arrays provide a structurally well-defined environment for building photochemical energy conversion assemblies. The use of solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) to prepare four such arrays, consisting of 16, 17, 18, and 19 amino acid residues, is described here. Each array contains the chromophore [Rub'(2)m](PF(6))(2) (b' = 4,4'-diethylamidocarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine; m = 4-methyl-2,2'-dipyridine-4'-carboxylic acid) and the electron transfer donor PTZ (phenothiazine).

Synthesis, Characterization, and Photochemical/Photophysical Properties of Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Hexadentate Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Ligands.

Three hexadentate, podand-type, polypyridyl ligands, (5-bpy-2C)(3)Bz, (4-bpy-2C-Ph)(3)Et, and (4-phen-2C-Ph)(3)Et, and their Ru(II) and Fe(II) complexes have been prepared. Reaction of these ligands with Fe(II) produces only the monometallic hemicage species, while monometallic, bimetallic, and polymetallic Ru(II) complexes are formed. These species are separable by column chromatography, and NMR and ESI mass spectrometry demonstrate that with each ligand the first band to elute corresponds to the monometallic species, [RuL](2+).

Defining thresholds in occupational and environmental toxicology.

When a chemical causes a defined form of toxicity, the threshold is the maximum exposure when this toxicity does not occur. It is an operational parameter and is limited in its interpretation and applicability. The aim of this paper is to consider biological parameters which influence exposure-response relationships.

The esterases: perspectives and problems.

Many proteins capable of hydrolysing esters are present in biological material of all kinds (microorganisms, plants, invertebrates and vertebrates). Some serve, as indicated by their substrate specificity and distribution within organisms, a defined biological function. However for most esterases a rather general substrate specificity is found indicating that they may have a broad biological function.

The toxic oil syndrome (TOS, 1981): from the disease towards a toxicological understanding of its chemical aetiology and mechanism.

In Spain early in May 1981, 20,000 people became ill with a severe acute respiratory illness. The eosinophilia and subsequent myalgia, scleroderma and muscle wasting indicated a unique disease entity. Epidemiological evidence linked the disease with the consumption of oils containing "refined" aniline denatured rape seed oil.

The advisory subgroup in toxicology of the european medical research councils.

The European Medical Research Councils set up an Advisory Group in Toxicology which met from 1975 to 1988. Since encouragement of cross discipline research is still difficult, a resumé is presented of the procedures developed to encourage interdisciplinary research in toxicology in Europe. A programme of grants in toxicology for collaborative research between European countries was begun in 1981 under the auspices of the European Science Foundation.

Studies on the metabolism of the pneumotoxin O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate--II. Lung and liver slices.

The metabolism of O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate (OSSMe), a pneumotoxic impurity in some organophosphorus insecticides, was investigated by incubating rat lung and liver slices with 1 mM OSSMe, labelled with 3H or 14C on one of its thiolo-methyl (CH3S-) groups. Protein bound radioactivity was higher in lung slices than in liver slices. In lung slices the predominant diester produced was O,S-dimethyl phosphorothioate (OSMeO-), whereas in liver slices it was S,S-dimethyl phosphorodithioate (SSMeO-).

Studies on the metabolism of the pneumotoxin O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate--I. Lung and liver microsomes.

The metabolism of O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate (OSSMe), a pneumotoxic impurity in some organophosphorus insecticides, was investigated in rat lung and liver microsomal preparations, using OSSMe labelled with 3H or 14C on one of its thiolo-methyl (CH3S-) groups. Production of O,S-dimethyl phosphorothioate (OSMeO-) and binding of radioactivity to protein were NADPH-dependent and were shown to be, at least partly, cytochrome P-450-dependent processes in both lung and liver microsomes. Incubation with reduced glutathione prevented the binding of radioactivity without affecting OSMeO- production.

Putrescine and 5-hydroxytryptamine accumulation in rat lung slices: cellular localization and responses to cell-specific lung injury.

The cellular localization of putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) following the accumulation of tritium-labeled putrescine (2.5 microM) or 5HT (0.5 microM) into rat lung slices was determined by autoradiography at the light microscope level.

The interaction between phosphorothionate insecticides, pneumotoxic trialkyl phosphorothiolates and effects on lung 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity.

A number of phosphorothionate (P = S) insecticides, including bromophos and fenitrothion, prevent trialkyl phosphorothiolate (P = O)-induced lung toxicity and the resulting increase in lung weight normally observed at 3 days in the rat. Measurement of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (7-EC) activity after both phosphorothionate and phosphorothiolate dosing revealed differing patterns of loss of enzyme activity. Depletion of 7-EC activity by phosphorothionates was maximal between 2 and 10 h after dosing, with recovery between 24 and 72 h.

The toxicity and neuropathology of dimethylethyltin and methyldiethyltin in rats.

Triethyltin causes an increase in brain water with vacuolation of myelin sheaths, whereas trimethyltin is selectively damaging to neurons, especially of the hippocampal formations, causing chromatolysis, accumulation of cytoplasmic dense bodies and often cell death. The effects on rats of the analogues, dimethylethyltin and methyldiethyltin (oral LD50 14 mg/kg and 7.5-10.

Morphological and biochemical correlates of chemical induced injury in the lung. A discussion.

We have reviewed some of the factors which contribute to lung damage by various toxicants. These include disposition of the chemical, its metabolism, individual cell type susceptibility and the potential for the tissue to repair. We have discussed the use of biochemical parameters to measure the functional activity of individual cell types in order to predict the damage to specific cell types and concluded that careful morphological analysis of lung tissue is likely to provide a more sensitive and informative measure of specific cell type injury.