Spatial pattern of congenital toxoplasmosis incidence and its relationship with vulnerability and national health indicators in Brazil.

There is a gap in evidence regarding spatial clusters of the congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) and its association with social and health indicators in the Brazilian territory. Thus, we aimed herein to identify CT risk areas in Brazil and its association with social vulnerability and health indicators. An ecological and population-based study was conducted.

Progress Toward Onchocerciasis Elimination in Brazil.

The single onchocerciasis-endemic focus in the remote Amazon rainforest is shared by Brazil and Venezuela and affects primarily the indigenous Yanomami people. Regional elimination of onchocerciasis is challenged by the magnitude and inaccessibility of this area. In Brazil, 272 onchocerciasis-endemic communities are operationally organized through 21 health centers ("polos bases").

Clinical and parasitological features of Leishmania infection among gold miners in the Oiapoque basin, an international Brazil-French Guiana border.

Gold miners working illegally in mines live in poor health conditions related to their strenuous work and precarious housing. Therefore, they are at higher risk for infectious diseases. American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) appears to be of great concern to the population living in the Guiana Shield region.

A link between circulating immune complexes and acute kidney injury in human visceral leishmaniasis.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by Leishmania infantum. Clinically, VL evolves with systemic impairment, immunosuppression and hyperactivation with hypergammaglobulinemia. Although renal involvement has been recognized, a dearth of understanding about the underlying mechanisms driving acute kidney injury (AKI) in VL remains.

Enterobius vermicularis in Brazil: An integrative review.

Enterobius vermicularis, an intestinal helminth, is transmitted through the ingestion of eggs found in food, water, dust, or other fomites, including infected individuals. This review aimed to examine the frequency and distribution of E. vermicularis infections in Brazil between 1991 and 2022.

Giardia lamblia-infected preschoolers present growth delays independent of the assemblage A, B or E.

Background: Intestinal parasite Giardia can affect children's physical development mainly stunting even in asymptomatic cases. The protozoa G. lamblia is divided into assemblages A-H.

Identification of Immunodominant Proteins of the SubProteome as Pan-Specific Vaccine Targets against Leishmaniasis.

is a wide-spectrum disease caused by parasites from genus. A well-modulated immune response that is established after the long-lasting clinical cure of leishmaniasis can represent a standard requirement for a vaccine. Previous studies demonstrated that causes benign disease and its antigens induce well-modulated immune responses in vitro.

DC-SIGN receptor is expressed by cells from cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions and differentially binds to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes.

Background: Dendritic cells (DCs) specific intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-3-grabbing non integrin receptor (DC-SIGN) binds to subgenera Leishmania promastigotes mediating its interaction with DC and neutrophils, potentially influencing the infection outcome.

Objectives: In this work, we investigated whether DC-SIGN receptor is expressed in cells from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) lesions as well as the in vitro binding pattern of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (Lb) and L. (L.

Recombinant protein KR95 as an alternative for serological diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas.

In the Americas, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, leading to death if not promptly diagnosed and treated. In Brazil, the disease reaches all regions, and in 2020, 1,933 VL cases were reported with 9.5% lethality.

Low doses of 3-phenyl-lawsone or meglumine antimoniate delivery by tattooing route are successful in reducing parasite load in cutaneous lesions of () -infected hamsters.

Current therapeutic ways adopted for the treatment of leishmaniasis are toxic and expensive including parasite resistance is a growing problem. Given this scenario, it is urgent to explore treatment alternatives for leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3-phenyl-lawsone (3-PL) naphthoquinone on () infection, both and , using two local routes of administration: subcutaneous (higher dose) and tattoo (lower dose).

Different inoculum of Leishmania braziliensis concentrations influence immunopathogenesis and clinical evolution in the ear dermis hamster model of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

The golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is commonly used as a promising model for Leishmania braziliensis infection developing skin-ulcerated lesions. However, different protocols using high concentration of parasites inoculated in the footpad result in severe clinical disease. Here, we further investigate the outcome of the site of infection and concentration of L.

Increased levels of cortisol are associated with the severity of experimental visceral leishmaniasis in a Leishmania (L.) infantum-hamster model.

Background: Several infectious diseases are associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis disorders by elevating circulating glucocorticoids (GCs), which are known to have an immunosuppressive potential. We conducted this study in golden hamsters, a suitable model for human visceral leishmaniasis (VL), to investigate the relationship of Leishmania (L.) infantum infection on cortisol production and VL severity.

Corrigendum to "Nitazoxanide superiority to placebo to treat moderate COVID-19 - A Pilot prove of concept randomized double-blind clinical trial." [EClinicalMedicine 37 (2021) 100981].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.

Biomarkers of disease severity in patients with visceral leishmaniasis co-infected with HIV.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp, transmitted by sand fly bites. VL is one of the deadliest tropical infection diseases, yet the coinfection with HIV virus drastically increases relapses, treatment failure and mortality. The concomitant action of these two pathogens leads to high cellular activation independently of the progression to AIDS.

A Cytokine Network Balance Influences the Fate of Infection in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Hamster Model.

The golden hamster is a suitable model for studying cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to ()  Immunopathological mechanisms are well established in the -mouse model, in which IL-4 instructs a Th2 response towards progressive infection. In the present study, we evaluated the natural history of   infection from its first stages up to lesion establishment, with the aim of identifying immunological parameters associated with the disease outcome and parasitism fate. To this end, hamsters infected with 10, 10, or 10 promastigotes were monitored during the first hours (4h, 24h), early (15 days, 30 days) and late (50 days) post-infection (pi) phases.

Nitazoxanide superiority to placebo to treat moderate COVID-19 - A Pilot prove of concept randomized double-blind clinical trial.

Background: The absence of specific antivirals to treat COVID-19 leads to the repositioning of candidates' drugs. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has a broad antiviral effect.

Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind pilot clinical trial comparing NTZ 600 mg BID versus Placebo for seven days among 50 individuals (25 each arm) with SARS-COV-2 RT-PCR+ (PCR) that were hospitalized with mild respiratory insufficiency from May 20, 2020, to September 21, 2020 (ClinicalTrials.

High levels of anti-Leishmania IgG3 and low CD4 T cells count were associated with relapses in visceral leishmaniasis.

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is severe and potentially fatal. Brazil is one of the countries with the greatest endemicity for the disease in the world. The reduction of CD4 T lymphocytes, B cells activation and high levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6/IL-8/TNF/IL-1β), plasma LPS, soluble CD14, anti-Leishmania IgG3 and low leptin levels are involved in the immunopathogenesis of VL, most associated with severe VL.

Dual Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I in American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis.

Background: Cytokines and growth factors involved in the tissue inflammatory process influence the outcome of infection. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) constitutively present in the skin may participate in the inflammatory process and parasite-host interaction. Previous work has shown that preincubation of () with recombinant IGF-I induces accelerated lesion development.

High Frequency of Infecting Infants Points to A Potential Anthroponotic Transmission in Maputo, Mozambique.

is one of the most important causes of diarrhea in children less than 2 years of age. In this study, we report the frequency, risk factors and species of detected by molecular diagnostic methods in children admitted to two public hospitals in Maputo City, Mozambique. We studied 319 patients under the age of five years who were admitted due to diarrhea between April 2015 and February 2016.

Epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis assemblages in Brazil: there is still a long way to go.

Giardia duodenalis infection is distributed worldwide and can achieve prevalence around 60%, especially in developing countries. This protozoan is divided into eight assemblages, in which A and B have high zoonotic potential, whereas C to H are host-specific. This scenario is changing as molecular studies progress, highlighting that knowledge on host-specificity still has a long way to go.

Recirculation of Assemblage A After Metronidazole Treatment in an Area With Assemblages A, B, and E Sympatric Circulation.

is an intestinal protozoan subdivided into eight assemblages, labeled alphabetically from A to H. Assemblages A, B, and E infect humans and can have a sympatric circulation. We investigated the assemblage recirculation in children living within a high prevalence area of infection.

In vitro-induction of metronidazole-resistant Giardia duodenalis is not associated with nucleotide alterations in the genes involved in pro-drug activation.

Giardiasis is an infectious disease caused by Giardia duodenalis. The pro-drug metronidazole (MTZ) is the first-line treatment for giardiasis. Parasite's proteins as pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), ferredoxin (Fd), nitroreductase-1 (NR-1) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) participate in MTZ activation.