Sedation Modulates Frontotemporal Predictive Coding Circuits and the Double Surprise Acceleration Effect.

Two important theories in cognitive neuroscience are predictive coding (PC) and the global workspace (GW) theory. A key research task is to understand how these two theories relate to one another, and particularly, how the brain transitions from a predictive early state to the eventual engagement of a brain-scale state (the GW). To address this question, we present a source-localization of EEG responses evoked by the local-global task-an experimental paradigm that engages a predictive hierarchy, which encompasses the GW.

On the limits of evidence accumulation of the preconscious percept.

When a stimulus is repeated the memory representation for that stimulus is strengthened and performance in memory tests increases. To what extent this effect requires that each exposure elicits a fully-fledged conscious percept? In two Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) experiments we explored whether the memory representations for words would accumulate evidence trough repeated exposure when none of those presentations induced a conscious percept. Participants were instructed to identify repeated items inserted in different RSVP streams and we isolated the first instance that an item was consciously perceived as repeating.

Low-Grade Chondrosarcoma of the Proximal Phalanx: A Rare Presentation.

Case: Chondrosarcomas are the second most common primary malignant sarcoma of the bone, though it is overall a rare tumor. Our case presents a 36-year-old Caucasian male who complained of an enlarging mass at his third finger MCP joint. After assessing the full clinical scenario, it was determined that wide excision with ray resection would provide the best result for this patient.

Subtitle-based word frequencies as the best estimate of reading behavior: the case of greek.

Previous evidence has shown that word frequencies calculated from corpora based on film and television subtitles can readily account for reading performance, since the language used in subtitles greatly approximates everyday language. The present study examines this issue in a society with increased exposure to subtitle reading. We compiled SUBTLEX-GR, a subtitled-based corpus consisting of more than 27 million Modern Greek words, and tested to what extent subtitle-based frequency estimates and those taken from a written corpus of Modern Greek account for the lexical decision performance of young Greek adults who are exposed to subtitle reading on a daily basis.

Qualitative differences in the representation of abstract versus concrete words: evidence from the visual-world paradigm.

In the present visual-world experiment, participants were presented with visual displays that included a target item that was a semantic associate of an abstract or a concrete word. This manipulation allowed us to test a basic prediction derived from the qualitatively different representational framework that supports the view of different organizational principles for concrete and abstract words in semantic memory. Our results confirm the assumption of a primary organizational principle based on association for abstract words, different from the semantic similarity principle proposed for concrete words, and provide the first piece of evidence in support of this view obtained from healthy participants.

NoA's Ark: influence of the number of associates in visual word recognition.

The main aim of this study was to explore the extent to which the number of associates of a word (NoA) influences lexical access, in four tasks that focus on different processes of visual word recognition: lexical decision, reading aloud, progressive demasking, and online sentence reading. Results consistently showed that words with a dense associative neighborhood (high-NoA words) were processed faster than words with a sparse neighborhood (low-NoA words), extending previous findings from English lexical decision and categorization experiments. These results are interpreted in terms of the higher degree of semantic richness of high-NoA words as compared with low-NoA words.

[Disease knowledge among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending primary care].

Objective: assess disease knowledge among a patient population.

Material And Methods: Cross-sectional study in two health care centers belonging to the National Institute of Social Security (ISSSTE). A general knowledge questionnaire was applied to 141 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Arthroscopic reduction-association of the scapholunate.

The reduction-association scapholunate (RASL) procedure for stabilization of the scapholunate joint is an alternative to soft-tissue procedures that do not maintain normal carpal alignment, despite reports of good symptomatic relief. The RASL procedure--indicated for patients with scapholunate instability or scapholunate dissociation without arthritis and, in selected cases, with stage 1 scapholunate advanced collapse of the wrist--can be performed arthroscopically. Radial midcarpal and 3-4 radiocarpal portals are used to excoriate and prepare the scapholunate joint surfaces.

Carpal fractures excluding the scaphoid.

Although carpal fractures other than of the scaphoid are uncommon, vigilance in diagnosing these potentially serious fractures is paramount to early and effective treatment. Physical examination and standard plain radiographs may reveal only subtle findings. Use of special radiographic views and computed tomography may help elucidate the diagnosis.

Bone-like polyethelyne burr-hole cover.

Objective: Several materials are available for covering burr holes but none of them are ideal with respect to biocompatibility, strength and morbidity. With these properties in mind, our objective was to design a porous polyethylene device, which looked like bone and provides protection and cosmesis while being quick and easy to apply.

Methods And Materials/results: A burr-hole cover was created to cover small cranial defects and craniostomies.