The surgical anatomy of the axillary approach for nerve transfer procedures targeting the axillary nerve.

Purpose: The exact relational anatomy for the anterior axillary approach, targeting the axillary nerve for nerve transfers/grafts, has not been fully investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to dissect and document the gross anatomy surrounding this approach, specifically regarding the axillary nerve and its branches.

Methods: Fifty-one formalin-fixed cadavers (98 axilla) were bilaterally dissected simulating the axillary approach.

Emerging Imaging Techniques in Anatomy: For Teaching, Research and Clinical Practice.

Visualisation plays a key role in anatomy, where the depiction of gross anatomical structures is essential in understanding and conceptualising content during research and medical teaching. Technology has allowed us to utilise imaging techniques for the visualisation of anatomical features, pathology and correlating physiological functions in a non-invasive manner which is atypical to traditional forms of anatomical investigation. These imaging methods develop integration between anatomy and clinically oriented medical study as well as biomechanics.

A quantitative analysis of the dimensions and content of the vertebral triangle.

Purpose: The vertebral triangle (VT) located in the root of the neck most commonly contains the vertebral artery (VA), cervical sympathetic chain and certain roots of the brachial plexus. Although other structures have been reported, few studies have reported on the overall content of this space. Based on the current literature, there is a general paucity of anatomical information pertaining to the dimensional anatomy of the VT and specifically the structures related to it.

The anatomical features of an ultrasound-guided erector spinae fascial plane block in a cadaveric neonatal sample.

Background: Since its inception, the erector spinae plane block has been used for a variety of truncal surgeries with success in both adults and children. However, the anatomical features, route of spread, and dermatomal coverage are still not fully understood in a pediatric population.

Objectives: To identify the anatomical features of the erector spinae fascial plane space by replicating an erector spinae plane block in a fresh neonatal cadaveric sample.

The extent of cranio-caudal spread within the erector spinae fascial plane space using computed tomography scanning in a neonatal cadaver.

Background: The erector spinae plane block (ESP) is a novel approach for blockade of the spinal nerves in infants, children, and adults. Until recently, the gold standard for truncal procedures includes the paravertebral and epidural blocks. However, the exact mechanism by which this blockade is achieved is subject to debate.

A cadaveric study of the erector spinae plane block in a neonatal sample.

Background: The aim of this article was to provide a detailed description of the neonatal anatomy related to the erector spinae plane block and to report the spread of the dye within the fascial planes and potential dermatomal coverage.

Methods: Using ultrasound guidance, the bony landmarks and anatomy of the erector spinae fascial plane space were identified. The erector spinae plane block was then replicated unilaterally in two fresh unembalmed neonatal cadavers.

Determining the extent of the dural sac for the performance of caudal epidural blocks in newborns.

Background: Information regarding the position and relationship of vital structures within the caudal canal is important for anesthesiologists who perform a caudal block. This information can be acquired by anatomical dissection, with ultrasound technology, or radiological studies.

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the position of the dural sac in neonates by measuring the distance of the termination of the dural sac from the apex of the sacral hiatus in neonatal cadavers.

Anatomical description of the sciatic nerve block at the subgluteal region in a neonatal cadaver population.

Introduction: Sciatic nerve blocks provide intraoperative and prolonged postoperative pain management after lower limb surgery (posterior knee, foot, skin graft surgery). Accurate needle placement requires sound anatomical knowledge. Anatomical studies on children are uncommon; most have been performed on adult cadavers.

A theoretical alternative intraosseous infusion site in severely hypovolemic children.

Background: Studies have shown that the venous system tends to collapse during hypovolemic shock. The use of the bone marrow space for infusions is an effective alternative, with the tibial insertion site being the norm.

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine a quick intraosseous infusion method that could be an alternative to the tibial route in neonates during emergency situations.

Descriptive study of the differences in the level of the conus medullaris in four different age groups.

In performing neuraxial procedures, knowledge of the location of the conus medullaris in patients of all ages is important. The aim of this study was to determine the location of conus medullaris in a sample of newborn/infant cadavers and sagittal MRIs of children, adolescents, and young adults. The subjects of both the samples were subdivided into four developmental stages.

Clinical anatomy of the maxillary nerve block in pediatric patients.

Background: Anatomical landmarks in children are mostly extrapolated from studies in adults. Despite this, complex regional anesthetic procedures are frequently performed on pediatric patients. Sophisticated imaging techniques are available but the exact position, course and/or relationships of the structures are best understood with appropriate anatomical dissections.

Revisiting the anatomy of the ilio-inguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block.

Background: The ilio-inguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block (INB) is one of the most common peripheral nerve block techniques in pediatric anesthesia, which is largely due to the introduction of ultrasound (US) guidance. Despite the benefits of US guidance, the absence of an US machine should not deter the provider from performing INB, considering that many institutions, especially in developing countries, cannot afford to provide ultrasound machines in their anesthesiology departments. The aim of this study was to revisit the anatomical position of the ilio-inguinal and iliohypogastric nerves in relation to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), in a large sample of neonatal cadavers, and compare the results with a similar group in a previously published US-guided study.