Teratogenicity of D-allulose.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether D-allulose has teratogenic effects on rats. A prenatal developmental toxicity test was conducted in SD rats in compliance with modified OECD guidelines test number 414, prenatal developmental toxicity study. Pregnant female rats received repeated doses of 1250, 2500, or 5000 mg/kg body weight D-allulose, or a vehicle control by gavage on GD 6-15.

Acute and repeated dose 26-week oral toxicity study of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in Kunming mice and Sprague-Dawley rats.

Background: 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3 (CHO), a natural triterpenoid saponin, is extracted from red ginseng. The increasing use of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 has raised product safety concerns.

Methods: In acute toxicity, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 was singly and orally administrated to Kunming mice and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at the maximum doses of 1600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, respectively.

A low percentage of metastases in deep brain and temporal lobe structures.

Background: Whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) in patients with brain metastases (BM) is associated with neurocognitive decline. Given its crucial role in learning and memory, efforts to mitigate this toxicity have mostly focused on sparing radiation to the hippocampus. We hypothesized that BM are not evenly distributed across the brain and that several additional areas may be avoided in WBRT based on a low risk of developing BM.

Toxicological evaluation of Microbacterium foliorum SYG27B-MF.

Microbacterium foliorum is a naturally occurring bacteria in cruciferous vegetables and ripened cheese. The safety of M. foliorum SYG27B-MF has been assessed in both acute and subchronic studies and a battery of mutagenicity and clastogenicity tests.

Toxicological evaluation of 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) sodium salt.

We performed a series of toxicity studies on the safety of 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) sodium salt as a food ingredient. 6'-SL sodium salt, up to a maximum dose of 5000 μg/plate, did not increase the number of revertant colonies in five strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence or absence of S9 metabolic activation. A chromosomal aberration assay (using Chinese hamster lung cells) found no clastogenic effects at any concentration of 6'-SL sodium salt in the presence or absence of S9 metabolic activation.

Toxicological evaluation of 3'-sialyllactose sodium salt.

The safety of 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) sodium salt was evaluated by testing for gene mutations, in vivo and in vitro clastogenic activity, and animal toxicity in beagle dogs and rats. The results of all mutagenicity and genotoxicity tests were negative, indicating that 3'-SL does not have any mutagenic or clastogenic potential. The mean lethal dose (LD) of 3'-SL sodium salt was well above 20 g/kg body weight (bw) in rats.

Acute and a 28-day repeated-dose toxicity study of total flavonoids from Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Ktze in mice and rats.

Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Ktze (Labiatae), known as 'Duanxueliu' in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of hemorrhagic disease.

Nonclinical safety of astilbin: A 4-week oral toxicity study in rats with genotoxicity, chromosomal aberration, and mammalian micronucleus tests.

Astilbin is an active flavonoid compound isolated from Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae. It has been widely used as an anti-hepatic, anti-arthritic, and anti-renal injury agent. However, its safety has not yet been established.

Repeated sub-chronic oral toxicity study of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) in dogs.

In this study, Beagle dogs were administered xylooligosaccharide (XOS, CAS # 87099-0) at doses of 0, 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 26 weeks. A 4-week recovery period was added to observe delayed or reversible toxicity. Measurements included body weight, food consumption, clinical observations, temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), urinalysis, blood chemistry, hematology, organ weight, gross necropsy, and histopathological examination.

FRET-based modified graphene quantum dots for direct trypsin quantification in urine.

A versatile nanoprobe was developed for trypsin quantification with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Here, fluorescence graphene quantum dot is utilized as a donor while a well-designed coumarin derivative, CMR2, as an acceptor. Moreover, bovine serum albumin (BSA), as a protein model, is not only served as a linker for the FRET pair, but also a fluorescence enhancer of the quantum dots and CMR2.

Ready-to-Eat Cereal Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality: Prospective Analysis of 367,442 Individuals.

Background: Intakes of ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) have been inversely associated with risk factors of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers; however, their relations with total and cause-specific mortality remain unclear.

Objective: To prospectively assess the associations of RTEC intakes with all causes and disease-specific mortality risk.

Design: The study included 367,442 participants from the prospective National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health Study.

Association between phosphorus intake and bone health in the NHANES population.

The objective of this study was to estimate the independent associations between intake of phosphorus (P) and bone health parameters such as bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). It provides odds ratio (OR) of osteoporosis with quartiles of P intake adjusted for covariates (i.e.

A subchronic toxicity study, preceded by an in utero exposure phase, with refined arachidonic acid-rich oil (RAO) derived from Mortierella alpina XM027 in rats.

To evaluate the potential toxicity of refined arachidonic acid-rich oil (RAO) derived from Mortierella alpina (M. alpina) XM027, we performed a 90-day subchronic study in F1 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. This study was preceded by a 4-week pretreatment period of parental (F0) rats and exposure of the F0 dams throughout mating, gestation, and lactation.

A coumarin-based fluorescent probe for recognition of Cu(2+) and fast detection of histidine in hard-to-transfect cells by a sensing ensemble approach.

A coumarin-based fluorescent chemosensor CAQA has been synthesized. It can selectively and sensitively recognize Cu(2+) in aqueous acetonitrile solutions. Using the Cu-containing complex CAQA-Cu(2+) as a sensing ensemble, the device demonstrates highly selective recognition of His/biothiols and was applied in fluorescence imaging of histidine in hard-to-transfect living cells.

Ratiometric fluorescent probe for enantioselective detection of D-cysteine in aqueous solution.

A ratiometric fluorescent probe based on a Cd(2+)-ACAQ complex was designed and demonstrated for the chemo- and enantioselective detection of cysteine in 99:1 buffered HEPES:ACN solutions. Under the measuring conditions, the sensor demonstrates high selectivity toward Cys against Hcy and GSH, and an enantioselectivity of 3.35 can be achieved for antipodal forms of Cys.

Chiral sulfonimide as a Brønsted acid organocatalyst for asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with imines.

Binaphthyl-based chiral sulfonimide (CSI) is demonstrated for the first time to be an efficient, strong Brønsted acid in asymmetric organocatalysis. A series of CSIs were synthesized and screened in the asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with imines. Good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities have been achieved.

Anthracene capped isobenzofuran: a synthon for the preparations of iptycenes and iptycene quinones.

Anthracene capped isobenzofuran 5 (5,6-(9,10-dihydroanthracen-9,10-yl)isobenzofuran) was synthesized for the first time. It is a highly reactive and versatile synthon for the synthesis of iptycene derivatives via Diels-Alder reactions. Cycloadducts 10 could be readily deoxygenated to iptycenes 11.

An easy assembled fluorescent sensor for dicarboxylates and acidic amino acids.

Two mesitylene based neutral receptors 1 and 2 bearing two thiourea binding sites were constructed as fluorescent probes for sensing dicarboxylates. Their binding affinities toward dicarboxylates, aspartate and glutamate have been investigated in acetonitrile solution by fluorescence titration experiments. Both fluorescent sensors exhibited some ability to discriminate the antipodal forms of aspartate and glutamate.

Oxadisilole fused triptycene and extended triptycene: precursors of triptycyne and extended triptycyne.

With benzobisoxadisilole 1 as a 1,4-benzdiyne equivalent, oxadisilole fused triptycene 5 and extended triptycene 6 were synthesized. Triptycenes 5 and 6 are new precursors of triptycyne 7 and extended triptycyne 8 respectively via the phenyliodination/fluoride induced elimination protocol. Using these two arynes, a series of triptycene derivatives were synthesized.

A colorimetric and fluorescent turn-on chemosensor operative in aqueous media for Zn2+ based on a multifunctionalized spirobenzopyran derivative.

By conjugating spiropyran chloride 8 with 2-amino-N-(quinolin-8-yl)acetamide (5), multifunctionalized spirobenzopyran derivative SPQN was designed and synthesized as a water soluble colorimetric and fluorescent turn-on chemosensor for Zn(2+). In 50% aqueous ethanol buffer solution, SPQN displayed a selective chelation fluorescence enhancement (16-fold) at 650 nm and visible color change (from colorless to red) with Zn(2+) among the metal ions examined. In addition, as the third channel to display the metal binding characteristics of SPQN, operating on an efficient FRET process between the quinoline and the merocyanine moiety of the sensor, ratiometric determination of Zn(2+) can be realized.

Rapid screening method for intact glucosinolates in Chinese medicinal herbs by using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry in negative ion mode.

An optimized method using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-ITMS) in negative ion mode has been developed for screening different structural classes of intact glucosinolates in six Chinese medicinal herbs. The glucosinolates were extracted with hot methanol/water (70:30 v/v) and separation of the individual glucosinolates was achieved using a reversed-phase C18 column with an aqueous ammonium acetate/methanol gradient. Identification of the intact glucosinolates was based on the detection of compounds with a constant neutral loss of 242 Da corresponding to the combined loss of anhydroglucose (162 Da) and sulfur trioxide (80 Da) in collision-induced dissociation.

Camphor sulfonyl hydrazines (CaSH) as organocatalysts in enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions.

Cyclic sulfonyl hydrazine was demonstrated for the first time as a new functionality for organocatalysis. A series of six-membered cyclic hydrazines derived from camphor sulfonic acid were synthesized. With trichloroacetic acid as cocatalyst, they are efficient organocatalysts for enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions with good chemical yields and up to 96% ee.

Cholic acid-based fluorescent probes for enantioselective recognition of trifunctional amino acids.

The ditopic fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer (PET) amino acid sensory probes and were designed and synthesized from cholic acid. To confer the probes with specific binding ability, an amidothiourea moiety and a cyclic diamino-chiral receptive site were introduced on the C17 side chain and the C7 and C12 hydroxyl pendants, respectively. In acetonitrile, the probes demonstrated differential binding toward trifunctional amino acids like serine, lysine, threonine and tyrosine against other simple amino acids.

Determination of glucosinolates in traditional Chinese herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

A reversed-phase HPLC method has been developed for determination of twelve intact glucosinolates--glucoiberin, glucocheirolin, progoitrin, sinigrin, epiprogoitrin, glucoraphenin, sinalbin, gluconapin, glucosibarin, glucotropaeolin, glucoerucin, and gluconasturtiin--in ten traditional Chinese plants. The samples were extracted with methanol and the extracts were cleaned on an activated Florisil column. A mobile phase gradient prepared from methanol and 30 mmol L(-1) ammonium acetate at pH 5.