A qualitative study on female executive pharmacists with convergent roles.

Background: Although women's participation is relatively high in the pharmacist workforce, women remain underrepresented in executive positions. The rate of executive female pharmacists in diversified pharmaceutical areas, from education and research to politics, is recognized as being disproportionately low.

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore female executive pharmacists' roles and identify reasons for their being underrepresented in such executive positions in Turkey.

History, status, and politicization of the FDA.

The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) performs an essential role in public health by ensuring, evaluating, and monitoring the safety and efficacy of drugs before they are sold in the US. Before approving new drug applications, CDER ensures that therapeutic benefits of both prescription and over-the-counter drugs (brand name and generic) provide more health benefits than the potential risks. First passed by Congress in 1992, the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) allowed the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to collect fees from drug manufacturers to fund new drug approvals.

A Review of the Pharmacist as Vaccinator.

Objective: The aim of this study is to review literature about how the pharmacist's role as vaccination providers has been financially and clinically measured.

Methods: A broad literature search was conducted up to May 2016 to identify economic or clinical data on pharmacy vaccinations. MEDLINE® and PUBMED databases were searched for publications useful or potentially useful for this review.

An Overview of the Orphan Medicines Market in Turkey.

Background: The health policies of many countries and regions have already defined orphan drugs for rare diseases. Although there is no official definition of orphan drugs in Turkey, all orphan drugs are covered by reimbursement, regardless of their market authorization status. Thus, a pharmacoeconomic analysis does not have to be presented to the Social Security Institution (Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu) for reimbursement decisions on orphan drugs.

A new perspective on the pharmacoeconomics of colchicine.

Background: Gout is a common inflammatory arthritis that affects ∼4% of the US population. Most patients with gout are >50 years of age and have multiple comorbidities. Gout is caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints secondary to hyperuricemia.

The economic burden.

Not only is chemo fog a troublesome medical problem for the sufferers, but in addition it is the source of nearly $300 million in direct and indirect expense in the United States alone each year. And since it often persists for extended periods of time, the indirect costs, which stem mainly from lost productivity, continue to accumulate with another nearly $250 million added to the overall cost each year. This is not the highest economic burden for common diseases, but it is a significant amount that could be mostly avoided if biomedical scientists were to find a means to employ safer chemotherapeutic agents.

Safeguarding against substandard/counterfeit drugs: mitigating a macroeconomic pandemic.

Background: Counterfeiting and the sale of substandard pharmaceutical products can no longer be ignored. At 10% of global trade, counterfeiting is affecting many countries, causing serious downstream expenses and resource shortages.

Objective: To describe the nature and impact of drug product counterfeiting and substandard product sale and to present strategies that may have value in ameliorating these phenomena.

The determinants of the antibiotic resistance process.

Background: The use of antibiotic drugs triggers a complex interaction involving many biological, sociological, and psychological determinants. Resistance to antibiotics is a serious worldwide problem which is increasing and has implications for morbidity, mortality, and health care both in hospitals and in the community.

Objectives: To analyze current research on the determinants of antibiotic resistance and comprehensively review the main factors in the process of resistance in order to aid our understanding and assessment of this problem.

Review of current literature on the economic burden of Clostridium difficile infection.

Clostridium difficile is well recognized as the most common infectious cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. Since 2000, this pathogen has demonstrated an increased propensity to cause more frequent and virulent illness that is often refractory to treatment. An analysis by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revealed that, in the United States, the number of patients discharged from hospitals who received the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision discharge diagnosis code for C.

An economic evaluation of anticipated costs and savings of a behavior change intervention to enhance medication adherence.

Unlabelled: Medication adherence across disease states is generally poor. Research has focused on various methods to improve medication adherence, but there is little conclusive evidence regarding specific methods efficacy. The Transtheoretical Model for Behavior Change has been used to modify existing addictive behaviors but not in medication adherence specifically.

A discussion paper on self-care and its implications for pharmacists.

Self-care is what people do to themselves to establish and maintain health, prevent and deal with illness. It includes nutrition, lifestyle, self-medication, hygiene, socio-economic and environmental factors. Self-care has been with us for thousands of years, but today there is an opportunity for pharmacists to assist patients with self-care.

Sources of information for new drugs among physicians in Thailand.

Objective: To determine the sources and the types of information about new drugs that Thai doctors at a teaching hospital perceived as important before prescribing and to assess their views on their preferred sources of drug information.

Method: There were two phases of this study, the quantitative and the qualitative components. For the quantitative study, a descriptive survey using a self-reported questionnaire was mailed.

The burden-of-illness study on osteoporosis in the Slovenian female population.

Study Objective: This burden-of-illness study on osteoporosis was performed with the main goal to estimate the economic implications of osteoporosis for the Slovenian healthcare system.

Methods: A variety of sources was used to quantify the utilization of resources in 2003, and the appropriate unit costs were assigned to the identified resources.

Main Outcome Measures: The study included all direct and indirect costs that arise from treatment of osteoporosis and consequent hip, spine and wrist fractures in total Slovene postmenopausal population in 2003.

Comparative drug effects: the case of GERD therapies.

The results of clinical trials and approved Food and Drug Administration Drug Applications inform decision makers that a drug was effective in its labeled indications without causing unacceptable side effects. But purchasers for large medical organizations and members of health insurer or managed care organizations need relative effectiveness data to enable them to select the product from among the four, six, or ten competing alternative drug products available in that family. Retrospective studies are capable of providing this data after about a year of use by utilizing a database containing a large number of patients.

Dietary supplement use among academic pharmacists.

United States sales of dietary supplements exceeded $18 billion in 2002, indicating that dietary supplement use is common among the American public. This report describes a survey of academic pharmacists and their use of dietary supplements and herbs. To date, most data comes from retail or community pharmacists, so a survey was developed to collect information regarding dietary supplement and herb usage from academic pharmacists.

Drug delivery systems improve pharmaceutical profile and facilitate medication adherence.

Innovations in dosage forms and dose delivery systems across a wide range of medications offer substantial clinical advantages, including reduced dosing frequency and improved patient adherence; minimized fluctuation of drug concentrations and maintenance of blood levels within a desired range; localized drug delivery; and the potential for reduced adverse effects and increased safety. The advent of new large-molecule drugs for previously untreatable or only partially treatable diseases is stimulating the development of suitable delivery systems for these agents. Although advanced formulations may be more expensive than conventional dosage forms, they often have a more favorable pharmacologic profile and can be cost-effective.

Uzbekistan drug airlift: a quantitative analysis of public/private collaboration.

Uzbekistan is a country within Central Asia resting on a precarious plane of health, economic, and social problems affecting its stability. In an effort to aid the stability of the country, the U.S.