Type 1 invariant natural killer T cells in chronic inflammation and tissue fibrosis.

Chronic tissue inflammation often results in fibrosis characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix components remodeling normal tissue architecture and function. Recent studies have suggested common immune mechanisms despite the complexity of the interactions between tissue-specific fibroblasts, macrophages, and distinct immune cell populations that mediate fibrosis in various tissues. Natural killer T (NKT) cells recognizing lipid antigens bound to CD1d molecules have been shown to play an important role in chronic inflammation and fibrosis.

Buccal mucosal irritation studies of sublingual apomorphine film (APL-130277) in Syrian golden hamsters.

Aim: Determine the potential for cheek pouch buccal mucosa irritation in hamsters following administration of apomorphine hydrochloride film (APL-130277).

Methods: Three studies were conducted with Syrian golden hamsters. (First study, four hamsters received APL-130277 three times a day [TID] for 7 days.

Sublingual apomorphine (APL-130277) for the acute conversion of OFF to ON in Parkinson's disease.

Introduction: OFF episodes negatively impact quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). There remains a need for an acute, effective, noninvasive treatment.

Background: APL-130277 is a sublingually administered apomorphine oral strip.

PF-04494700, an oral inhibitor of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), in Alzheimer disease.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and tolerability of PF-04494700, an oral inhibitor of receptor for advanced glycation end products, in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Methods: Patients aged 50 years and older who met the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria for Alzheimer disease with an Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score between 12 and 26 (inclusive) were randomized to 10 weeks of double-blind treatment with either a 10 mg "low dose" of PF-04494700 (after a 6-d loading dose of 30 mg/d), a 20 mg "high dose" of PF-04494700 (after a loading dose of 60 mg/d), or placebo. Safety measures included adverse events, laboratory tests, vital signs, and 12-lead electrocardiogram.